Integrating Form and Meaning: A Distributed Model of Speech Perception

References

• Andrews , S. 1989 . Frequency and neighborhood effects on lexical access: Activation or search? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning . Memory and Cognition , 15 : 802 – 814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , S. 1992 . Frequency and neighborhood effects on lexical access: Lexical similarity or orthographic redundancy? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning . Memory and Cognition , 18 : 234 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andruski , J. E. , Blumstein , S. E. and Burton , M. 1994 . The effects of subphonetic differences on lexical access . Cognition , 52 : 163 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bard , E. G. and Shillcock , R. C. Competitor effects during lexical access: Chasing Zipf’s tail . Cognitive models of language processes: The Second Sperlonga Meeting . Edited by: Altmann , G. and Shillcock , R. Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Besner , D. , Twilley , L. , McCann , R. S. and Seergobin , K. 1990 . On the connection between connectionism and data: Are a few words necessary? . Psychological Review , 97 : 432 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns , P. , Shillcock , R. , Chater , N. and Levy , J. 1995 . “ Bottom-up connectionist modelling of speech ” . In Connectionist models of memory and language , Edited by: Levy , J. P. , Bairaktaris , D. , Bullinaria , J. A. and Cairns , P. 289 – 310 . London : UCL Press .
   Google Scholar
• Connine , C. M. , Blasko , D. G. and Titone , D. 1993 . Do the beginnings of spoken words have a special status in auditory word recognition . Journal of Memory and Language , 32 : 193 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Content , A. and Sternon , P. Modelling retroactive context effects in spoken word recognition with a simple recurrent network . Proceedings ofthe Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Edited by: Ram , A. and Eiselt , K. Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. and Carter , D. M. 1987 . The predominance of strong initial syllables in the English vocabulary . Computer Speech and Language , 2 : 133 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. and Norris , D. 1979 . “ Monitoring sentence comprehension ” . In Sentence processing: Psycholinguistic studies presented to Merrill Garrett , Edited by: Cooper , W. E. and Walker , E. C. T. Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. and Norris , D. 1988 . The role of strong syllables in segmentation for lexical access . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 14 : 113 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman , J. 1990 . Finding structure in time . Cognitive Science , 14 : 179 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman , J. L. 1993 . Learning and development in neural networks: The importance of starting small . Cognition , 48 : 71 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster , K. I. 1976 . “ Accessing the mental lexicon ” . In New approaches to language mechanisms , Edited by: Wales , R. J. and Walker , E. W. Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Foss , D. J. , Harwood , D. A. and Blank , M. A. 1980 . “ Deciphering decoding decisions: Data and devices ” . In Perception and production of fluent speech , Edited by: Cole , R. A. Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gaskell , M. G. 1994 . Spoken word recognition: A combined computational and experimental approach , Birkbeck College, University of London . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Gaskell , M. G. Parallel activation of distributed concepts: Who put the P in the PDP? . Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Edited by: Cottrell , G. W. pp. 284 – 289 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gaskell , M. G. and Marslen-Wilson , W. D. Discriminating local and distributed models of competition in spoken word recognition . Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Edited by: Shafto , M. G. and Langley , P. pp. 247 – 252 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc . submitted
   Google Scholar
• Hinton , G. E. and Shallice , T. 1991 . Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia . Psychological Review , 98 : 74 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton , G. E. , McClelland , J. L. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1986 . “ Distributed representations ” . In Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, Vol. 1: Foundations , Edited by: Rumelhart , D. E. and McClelland , J. L. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press/Bradford Books .
   Google Scholar
• Jakobson , R. , Fant , G. and Halle , M. 1952 . Preliminaries to speech analysis , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johansson , S. and Hofland , K. 1989 . Frequency analysis of English vocabulary and grammar , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Joordens , S. and Besner , D. 1994 . When banking on meaning is not (yet) money in the bank: Explorations in connectionist modelling . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 20 : 1051 – 1062 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , M. I. Attractor dynamics and parallelism in a connectionist sequential network . In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kawamoto , A. H. 1993 . Non-linear dynamics in the resolution of lexical ambiguity: A parallel distributed processing account . Journal of Memory and Language , 32 : 474 – 516 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto , A. H. , Farrar , W. T. and Kello , C. 1994 . When two meanings are better than one: Modeling the ambiguity advantage using a recurrent distributed network . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 20 : 1233 – 1247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatt , D. H. 1989 . “ Review of selected models of speech perception ” . In Lexical representation and process , Edited by: Marslen- Wilson , W. D. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , P. A. , Pisoni , D. B. and Goldinger , S. D. 1990 . “ Similarity neighbourhoods of spoken words ” . In Cognitive models of speech processing , Edited by: Altmann , G. T. M. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. 1973 . Speech shadowing and speech perception , Boston , MA : MIT . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. 1987 . Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition . Cognition , 25 : 71 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. 1989 . “ Access and integration: Projecting sound onto meaning ” . In Lexical representation and process , Edited by: Marslen-Wilson , W. D. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. 1990 . “ Activation, competition, and frequency in lexical access ” . In Cognitive models of speech processing: Psycholinguistic and computational perspectives , Edited by: Altmann , G. T. M. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. Issues of process and representation in lexical access . Cognitive models of language processes: Second Sperlonga Meeting . Edited by: Altmann , G. and Shillcock , R. Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. , Moss , H. E. and van Halen , S. 1996 . Perceptual distance and competition in lexical access . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 22 : 1376 – 1392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. and Gaskell , G. 1992 . Match and mismatch in lexical access . International Journal of Psychology , 27 : 61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. and Warren , P. 1994 . Levels of representation and process in lexical access . Psychological Review , 101 : 653 – 675 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. and Welsh , A. 1978 . Processing interactions and lexical access during word recognition in continuous speech . Cognitive Psychology , 10 : 29 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marslen-Wilson , W. D. and Zwitserlood , P. 1989 . Accessing spoken words: On the importance of word onsets . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 15 : 576 – 585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , J. G. and Bunnell , H. T. 1982 . Perception of anticipatory coarticulation effects in vowel-stop consonant—vowel sequences . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 8 : 473 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , M. E. J. 1995 . A distributed memory model of semantic priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 21 : 3 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. and Elman , J. L. 1986 . The TRACE model of speech perception . Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 1 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen , J. M. , Norris , D. and Cutler , A. 1994 . Competition in spoken word recognition—spotting words in other words . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 20 : 621 – 638 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton , J. 1969 . The interaction of information in word recognition . Psychological Review , 76 : 165 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss , H. E. , Hare , M. L. , Day , P. and Tyler , L. K. 1994 . A distributed memory model of the associated boost in semantic priming . Connection Science , 6 : 413 – 427 .
   Google Scholar
• Moss , H. E. , McCormick , S. F. and Tyler , L. K. The time course of activation of semantic information during spoken word recognition: function precedes form . Language and Cognitive Processes , this issue
   Google Scholar
• Norris , D. 1990 . “ A dynamic-net model of human speech recognition ” . In Cognitive models of speech processing , Edited by: Altmann , G. T. M. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , D. Rewiring lexical networks on the fly . In Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Speech Communication . Berlin : ESCA .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , D. 1992 . “ Connectionism: A new breed of bottom-up model ” . In Connectionist approaches to natural language processing , Edited by: Reilly , R. G. and Sharkey , N. E. Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , D. Bottom-up connectionist models of “interaction” . Cognitive models of language processes: The Second Sperlonga Meeting . Edited by: Altmann , G. and Shillcock , R. Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , D. 1994 . Shortlist: A connectionist model of continuous speech recognition . Cognition , 52 : 189 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaut , D. C. Semantic and associative priming in a distributed attractor network . Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Edited by: Moore , J. D. and Lehman , J. F. pp. 37 – 42 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Plaut , D. C. and Shallice , T. 1993 . Deep dyslexia: A case study of connectionist neuropsychology . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 10 : 377 – 500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaut , D. C. , McClelland , J. L. , Seidenberg , M. S. and Patterson , K. E. 1996 . Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains . Psychological Review , 103 : 56 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumelhart , D. E. , Hinton , G. E. and McClelland , J. L. 1986 . “ A general framework for parallel distributed processing ” . In Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, Vol. 1: Foundations , Edited by: Rumelhart , D. E. and McClelland , J. L. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press/Bradford Books .
   Google Scholar
• Seidenberg , M. S. and McClelland , J. L. 1989 . A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming . Psychological Review , 96 : 523 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey , A. J. C. and Sharkey , N. E. 1992 . Weak contextual constraints in text and word priming . Journal of Memory and Language , 31 : 543 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolensky , P. 1986 . “ Neural and conceptual interpretation of PDP models ” . In Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, Vol. 2: Psychological and biological models , Edited by: Rumelhart , D. E. and McClelland , J. L. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press/Bradford Books .
   Google Scholar
• Smolensky , P. 1988 . On the proper treatment of connectionism . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 11 : 1 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , K. N. Models of phonetic recognition II: A feature based model of speech recognition . Proceedings of the Montreal Satellite Symposium on Speech Recognition . Montreal . Edited by: Mermelstein , P.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , K. N. , Manuel , S. Y. , Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. and Liu , S. Implementation of a model of lexical access based on features . Proceedings of the 1992 International Conference on Spoken Language Processing . Edited by: Ohala , J. J. , Nearey , T. M. , Derwing , B. L. , Hodge , M. M. and Wiebe , G. E. Edmonton : University of Alberta .
   Google Scholar
• Streeter , L. A. and Nigro , G. N. 1979 . The role of medial consonant transitions in word perception . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 65 : 1533 – 1541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabossi , P. Connections, competitions and cohorts: Comments on the chapters by Marslen-Wilson; Norris; and Bard and Shillcock . Cognitive models of speech processing: The Second Sperlonga Meeting . Edited by: Altmann , G. and Shillcock , R. Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , L. K. , Voice , J. K. and Moss , H. E. The interaction of semantic and phonological processing . Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Edited by: Cottrell , G. W. pp. 219 – 222 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Warren , P. and Marslen-Wilson , W. D. 1987 . Continuous uptake of acoustic cues in spoken word-recognition . Perception and Psychophysics , 41 : 262 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , P. and Marslen-Wilson , W. D. 1988 . Cues to lexical choice: Discriminating place and voice . Perception and Psychophysics , 43 : 21 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen , D. H. 1982 . Perceptual effects of phonetic mismatches , New Haven , CT : Yale University . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Whalen , D. H. 1984 . Subcategorical phonetic mismatches slow phonetic judgments . Perception and Psychophysics , 35 : 49 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwitserlood , P. 1989 . The locus of the effects of sentential-semantic context in spokenword processing . Cognition , 32 : 25 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwitserlood , P. and Schriefers , H. 1995 . Effects of sensory information and processing time in spoken-word recognition . Language and Cognitive Processes , 10 : 121 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar