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Original Articles

Fiscal Architecture-A Fetter on New Local Governments in Pakistan?

Pages 1459-1483 | Published online: 13 Dec 2007

REFERENCES

  • 1. Amendments to the laws were inserted nearly a year after the local governments started functioning and more than eighteen months after the elected tiers came into being.
  • 2. The study of districts involved: Kila Saifullah, Karachi, Khairpur, Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Bannu (as part of ADB, DfID, World Bank Devolved Service Delivery study in June–August 2004), Gujranwala, Lahore, Sibbi, Jaffarabad, Nasirabad and Bolan in 2004; the article also relies on a fiscal dataset put together by the author for all the 100 districts and 360 TMAs for the same study.
  • Siddiqui , T. 2001 . Towards Good Governance , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Hussain , I. 1999 . Pakistan—The Economy of an Elitist State , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • 5. Cyan, M. R.. The Imperative of Optimizing Institutional Framework for Development in Districts in Pakistan, Working Paper; Development Planning Unit, University College London: London, 1998.
  • Zaidi , A. 1999 . The New Development Paradigm , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • 7. Not every one thinks that the reform came about through an ongoing debate; see ICG. Devolution in Pakistan, Reform or Regression; International Crisis Group, ICG Asia Report No.77: Brussels, 2004.
  • NRB . 2000 . Local Government Plan 2000 , Islamabad : National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan .
  • Government of Punjab . 2001 . Punjab Local Government Ordinance , Lahore : Government of Punjab .
  • PRS , P. 2003 . Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2003 , Islamabad : Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Federal Secretariat .
  • 11. Most of the offices have been given new names in the local governments while they continue to perform earlier functions.
  • Sultan , Khan . 2000 . Public Administration with Special Reference to Pakistan , Lahore, , Pakistan : Famous Books .
  • 13. The table is based on the Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001.
  • PFC Sindh . 2004 . Report on Implementation of Sindh PFC Awards During 2002–03 and 2003–04 , Karachi : Finance Department, Government of Sindh .
  • Paul , Smoke . Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries, A Review of Current Concepts and Practice . Democracy, Governance and Human Rights Program Paper No. 2 . 2001 . United Nations Research Institute for Social Development: New York,
  • 16. Some may call it fiscal federalism; also see Ebel, B.; Yilmaz, S. Concept of Fiscal Decentralization and Worldwide Overview, World Bank: Washington DC, 2002.
  • Bahl , R. Implementation Rules for Fiscal Decentralization . Working Paper 99-1 . 1999 . Georgia State University: Atlanta,
  • Bird , R. and Smart , M. 2001 . Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfer Systems: Some Lessons from International Experience , Toronto, , Canada : Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto .
  • Bahl , R. 1999 . Intergovernmental Transfers in Developing and Transition Countries: Principles and Practice , Washington, DC : Economic Development Institute, World Bank .
  • Devas , N. and Grant , U. 2003 . Local Government Decision-Making—Citizen Participation And Local Accountability: Some Evidence from Kenya and Uganda . Public Administration and Development , 23 : 307 – 316 .
  • Rosen , H. 1995 . Public Finance , Fourth , Boston : McGraw-Hill Companies .
  • Hyman , D. 1990 . Public Finance—A Contemporary Application of Theory to Policy , Orlando, FL : The Dryden Press .
  • Romer , T. and Rosenthal , H. 1979 . Bureaucrats versus Voters: On the Political Economy of Resource Allocation by Direct Democracy . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 93 : 563 – 87 .
  • Selma , M. , Bird , R. and Fischer , R. 1996 . State and Local Public Finance , Second , 174 Chicago : Irwins . Prices will provide correct signals to indicate the quantity and quality of things citizens desire.
  • ADB/DfID/WB . 2004 . Devolution in Pakistan , Islamabad : Asian Development Bank, Department for International Development, UK, World Bank .
  • 26. The data are based on a sample of districts in two provinces, Baluchistan and Balochistan. It uses data from Cyan 2001 for the baseline.
  • CIET . 2003 . Social Audit of Governance and Delivery of Public Services , Islamabad : CIET . Baseline Survey 2002, National Report;
  • Mueller , D. 1979 . “ The Supply of Government Output ” . In Public Choice , First , 148 – 170 . London : Cambridge University Press .
  • 29. Government of Balochistan. 2001. Balochistan Local Government Ordinance; Government of Balochistan: Quetta, 2001; Govt of NWFP. 2001. NWFP Local Government Ordinance; Government of North-West Frontier Province: Peshawar, 2001; Govt of Punjab. 2001. Punjab Local Government Ordinance; Government of Punjab: Lahore, 2001, Govt of Sindh. 2001. Sindh Local Government Ordinance; Government of Sindh: Karachi, 2001.
  • 30. Author's interviews with NRB officials.
  • Buchanan , J. and Musgrave , R. 1999 . Public Finance and Public Choice—Two Constrasting Visions of the State , Cambridge : MIT Press .
  • 32. Government of Pakistan. 2004. Annual Budget Statement 2004; Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan: Islamabad, 2004.
  • 33. Government of Balochistan. 2002. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Balochistan: Quetta, 2002; Government of Balochistan. 2003. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Balochistan: Quetta, 2003; Government of Balochistan. 2004. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Balochistan: Quetta, 2004.
  • 34. Government of NWFP. 2002. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of NWFP: Peshawar, 2002; Government of NWFP. 2003. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of NWFP: Peshawar, 2003; Government of NWFP. 2004. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of NWFP: Peshawar, 2004.
  • 35. Government of Punjab. 2002. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Punjab: Lahore, 2002; Government of Punjab. 2003. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Punjab: Lahore, 2003; Government of Punjab. 2004. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Punjab: Lahore, 2004.
  • 36. Government of Sindh. 2002. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Sindh: Karachi, 2002; Government of Sindh. 2003. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Sindh: Karachi, 2003; Government of Sindh. 2004. Annual Budget Statement; Finance Department, Government of Sindh: Karachi, 2004.
  • Cyan , M. R. 2001 . Fiscal Transfers Report , Islamabad : Fiscal Decentralization Technical Assistance, Asian Development Bank . 2001.
  • 38. Cyan, M. R. 2000. Crafting the Hinges of a Decentralised State; Planning & Development Department, Government of North-West Frontier Province: Peshawar, 2000.
  • 39. Sidat Hyder Morshed Associates (Pvt) Ltd. Punjab Local Government Finances—Financial Profiles of Selected Tehsil Municipal Administrations: Karachi, 2003.
  • 40. Cyan, 2001.

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