305
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The European Union and Upheavals in its Neighborhood: A Force for Stability?

&

REFERENCES

  • Aggestam, L. (2008). Introduction: Ethical power Europe? International Affairs, 84(1), 1–11.
  • Aggestam, L. (2009). The world in our mind: Normative power in a multi-polar world. In A. Gerrits (Ed.), Normative power Europe in a changing world: A discussion (pp. 25–37). The Hague, The Netherlands: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Retrieved from http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20091200_cesp_paper_gerrits.pdf
  • Aoun, E. (2003). European foreign policy and the Arab-Israeli dispute: Much Ado about nothing? European Foreign Affairs Review, 8(3), 289–312.
  • Ashton, C. (2014, April 3). Speech on EU foreign & security policy to the European Parliament. Retrieved from http://eeas.europa.eu/top_stories/2014/040414_ep_ashton_speech_en.htm
  • Balfour, R. (2012). Changes and continuities in EU-Mediterranean relations after the Arab spring. In S. Biscop, R. Balfour, & M. Emerson (Eds.), An Arab springboard for EU foreign policy (pp. 27–35, Egmont Paper 54, January, Academia Press for Egmont). Brussels, Belgium: The Royal Institute for International Relations.
  • Barroso, J. M. (2011, April 12). Déclaration du Président Barroso à la suite de sa rencontre avec Béji Caied Essebsi, Premier Ministre de la Tunisie (SPEECH/11/259). Tunis, Tunisia: European Commission. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-11-259_en.htm
  • Berenskoetter, F. (2007). Thinking about power. In F. Berenskoetter & M. J. Williams (Eds.), Power in world politics (pp. 1–22). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Bicchi, F. (2006). Our size fits all: Normative power Europe and the Mediterranean. Journal of European Public Policy, 13, 286–303.
  • Bilgin, P. (2009). EU security policies towards the Mediterranean: The ethical dimension. What we know and what else should we know? Inex, 2(6). Retrieved from http://www.inexproject.eu
  • Boonstra, J. (2011). Moldova: An EU success story? (Policy Brief 92). Madrid, Spain: FRIDE.
  • Börzel, T., & Risse, T. (2009). The transformative power of Europe: The European Union and the diffusion of ideas (KFG Working Paper Series (1), Kolleg-Forschergruppe “The Transformative Power of Europe”). Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin.
  • Boubakri, H. (2013). Revolution and international migration in Tunisia (MPC Research Reports 2013/04) San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute.
  • Brown, C. (2005). Ethics, interests and foreign policy. In K. Smith & M. Light (Eds.), Ethics and foreign policy (pp. 15–32). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bunce, V., & Wolchik, S. (2006). Favorable conditions and electoral revolutions. Journal of Democracy, 17(4), 5–18.
  • Commission des Communautés Européennes. (2008, avril 3). Rapport de Suivi Tunisie (SEC (2008) 401). Bruxelles, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/pdf/progress2008/sec08_401_fr.pdf
  • Commission of the European Communities. (2008, April 3). Implementation of the European neighbourhood policy in 2007: Progress report Moldova (SEC (2008) 399). Retrieved March 28, 2015, from http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/pdf/progress2008/sec08_399_en.pdf
  • Cooper, R. (2003). The breaking of nations: Order and Chaos in the twenty-first century. London, UK: Atlantic Books.
  • Council of Europe. (2009, July 17). Report by Thomas Hammarberg, commissioner for human rights of the council of Europe, following his visit to Moldova - 25 to 28 April 2009 (CommDH (2009) 27). Strasbourg, France: Author. Retrieved from https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1469277
  • Council of the European Union. (2009, April 7). Javier SOLANA, EU High Representative for the CFSP, concerned with the situation in the Republic of Moldova (S097/09). Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved March 28, 2015, from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/declarations/107172.pdf
  • Council of the European Union. (2011, January 31). Council conclusions on Tunisia. In 3065th foreign affairs council meeting, Brussels, Belgium. Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/119051.pdf
  • Damro, C. (2012). Market power Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 19(5), 682–699.
  • Del Sarto, R., & Schumacher, T. (2011). From Brussels with love: Leverage, benchmarking, and the action plans with Jordan and Tunisia in the EU’s democratization policy. Democratization, 18(4), 932–955.
  • Dennison, S. (2013). The EU and North Africa after the revolutions: A new start or ‘plus ça change’? Mediterranean Politics, 18(1), 123–128.
  • Dennison, S., & Dworkin, A. (2011). Europe and the Arab revolutions: A new vision for democracy and human rights (ECFR Policy Brief 41). London, UK: European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Dennison, S., Dworkin, A., Popescu, N., & Witney, N. (2011). After the revolution: Europe and the transition in Tunisia (ECFR Policy Brief 28). London, UK: European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Diez, T. (1999). Speaking “Europe”: The politics of integration discourse. Journal of European Public Policy, 6(4), 598–613.
  • Diez, T. (2005). Constructing the self and changing others. Reconsidering ‘normative power Europe’. Millennium, 33(3), 613–636.
  • Diez, T., & Manners, I. (2007). Reflecting on normative power Europe. In F. Berenskoetter & M. J. Williams (Eds.), Power in world politics (pp. 173–188). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Duchêne, F. (1973). The European Community and the uncertainties of interdependence. In M. Kohnstamm & W. Hager (Eds.), A nation writ large? Foreign-policy problems before the European Community (pp. 1–21). London, UK: Macmillan.
  • European Commission. (2011a, January 10). Joint statement by EU high representative Catherine Ashton and European Commissioner for enlargement Stefan Füle on the situation in Tunisia (Memo/11/12). Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11-12_en.htm?locale=en
  • European Commission. (2011b, January 17). Joint statement by EU high representative Catherine Ashton and European Commissioner for enlargement Stefan Füle on the situation in Tunisia (Memo/11/23). Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11-23_en.htm?locale=en
  • European Commission. (2011c, September 29). EU/Tunisia task force agrees concrete assistance for Tunisia’s transition (IP/11/1137). Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-1137_en.htm?locale=en
  • European Commission. (2011d, December 16). The EU’s response to the ‘Arab Spring’ (Memo 11/918). Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11-918_en.htm
  • European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2011a, May 25). A new response to a changing neighbourhood (COM (2011) 303). Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/documents/communication_conjointe_mai_2011_en.pdf
  • European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2011b, March 8). A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean (COM (2011) 200 Final). Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://eeas.europa.eu/euromed/docs/com2011_200_en.pdf
  • European Commission, Directorate-General for Trade. (2011). Factsheet on Moldova. Retrieved from http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/september/tradoc_113419.pdf
  • European Union. (2011, February 23). Remarks by the EU high representative Catherine Ashton at the senior officials’ meeting on Egypt and Tunisia (A 069/11). Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/119459.pdf
  • Forsberg, T. (2011). Normative power Europe, once again: A conceptual analysis of an ideal type. Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), 1183–1204.
  • Forsberg, T., & Seppo, A. (2011). The Russo-Georgian War and EU Mediation. In R. E. Kanet (Ed.), Russian foreign policy in the 21st century (pp. 121–137). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Frontex. (2011, January to March). European agency for the management of operational cooperation at the external borders of the Member States of the European Union (FRONTEX). FRAN Quarterly, Issue 1, January to March. Retrieved from http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/FRAN_Q1_2011.pdf
  • Ghinea, C., & Panaite, S. (2009). Moldova’s relations with the European Union and the role played by Romania. In S. Panaite (Ed.), Moldova. At the crossroads (pp. 125–131). Bucharest, Romania: Soros Foundation Romania.
  • Harpaz, G., & Shamis, A. (2010). Normative power Europe and the state of Israel: An illegitimate Eutopia? Journal of Common Market Studies, 48(3), 579–616.
  • Holm, U. (2004). The impacts of the sources and regions of crisis in North Africa and the Middle East on the Security of the European Union (pp. 69–89). Ankara, Turkey: The Turkish General Staff Printing House, The Turkish General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Directorate Publication.
  • Hülls, H. (2011). Norms and power. The European neighbourhood policy as governmentality (PhD dissertation). University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Hyde-Price, A. (2006). ‘Normative’ power Europe: A realist critique. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 217–234.
  • Institute for Public Policy. (2009, March). Barometer of public opinion. Retrieved from http://www.ipp.md/libview.php?l=ro&idc=156&id=454
  • Isaac, S. K. (2012). Europe and the Arab revolutions. From a weak to a proactive response to a changing neighborhood ( KFG Working Paper Series 39, Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG), Germany: Freie Universität Berlin“The Transformative Power of Europe”). Berlin.
  • Kagan, R. (2002, June & July). Power and weakness. Policy Review, p. 113.
  • Katzenstein, P. J., Keohane, R. O., & Krasner, S. D. (1998). International organization and the study of world politics. International Organization, 52(4), 645–685.
  • Keukeleire, S., & MacNaughtan, J. (2008). The foreign policy of the European Union. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kratochvil, P., & Tulmets, E. (2010). Constructivism and rationalism in EU external relations. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos.
  • Laïdi, Z. (2008). European preferences and their reception. In Z. Laïdi (Ed.), EU foreign policy in a globalized world. Normative power and social preferences (pp. 1–21). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Malmvig, H. (2007). Cooperation, reform or dialogue: The EU’s ambivalent security discourse in the Mediterranean. In P. Seeberg (Ed.), EU and the Mediterranean. Foreign policy and security (pp. 85–121). Odense, Denmark: University Press of Southern Denmark.
  • Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.
  • Manners, I. (2006). Normative power Europe reconsidered: Beyond the crossroads. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 182–199.
  • Manners, I. (2009). The concept of normative power in world politics (DIIS Brief). Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Institute for International Studies.
  • Mcdonagh, E. (2009). Is democracy promotion effective in Moldova? The impact of European institutions on development of civil and political rights in Moldova. Democratization, 15(1), 142–161.
  • Mneimneh, H. (2013, October 22). Tunisia’s national dialogue is a post-Arab spring success story (GMF Blog). Expert Commentary, The German Marshall Fund. Retrieved from http://blog.gmfus.org/2013/10/22/tunisias-national-dialogue-is-a-post-arab-spring-success-story/
  • Mungiu-Pippidi, A., & Munteanu, I. (2009). Moldova’s “Twitter revolution”. Journal of Democracy, 20(3), 136–142.
  • Nicolaïdis, K., & Howse, R. (2002). “This is my EUtopia …”: Narrative as power. Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(4), 767–792.
  • Noutcheva, G., Pomorska, K., & Bosse, G. (Eds.). (2013). The EU and its neighbours. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
  • Nye, J. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York NY: Public Affairs.
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2011). Council regulation No 101/2011 of 4 February 2011 concerning restrictive measures directed against certain persons, entities and bodies in view of the situation in Tunisia. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:031:0001:0012:EN:PDF
  • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (2009, April 5). Moldova, parliamentary elections. (Final Report). Retrievedfrom http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/37568
  • Peters, J. (2012). The European Union and the Arab spring. Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books.
  • Phinnemore, D. (2006, September 21–23). Moldova: A step too far for EU enlargement. Paper presented at ECPR –3rd Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Pinfari, M. (2012). Tunisia and Libya. In J. Peters (Ed.), The European Union and the Arab spring (pp. 33–49). Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books.
  • Popescu, N. (2005). The EU in Moldova. Settling conflicts in the neighbourhood (Occasional Paper, No. 60). Paris, France: The European Union Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved March 28, 2015, from http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/ISS_EU_occ60.pdf
  • Popescu, N., & Wilson, A. (2009). Moldova’s Fragile pluralism. In M. Emerson & R. Youngs (Eds.), Democracy’s plight in the European neighbourhood (pp. 92–103). Brussels, Belgium: Centre for European Policy Studies.
  • Powel, B. (2009). From democracy to stability: European Union democracy promotion in Tunisia 1995-2007 (PhD dissertation). University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
  • Raik, K. (2011, November). From attraction to Europeanisation – Moldova’s slow movement towards the EU. Eastern Partnership Review, 2.
  • Raik, K. (2012). The EU and mass protests in the neighbourhood: Models of normative (in)action. European Foreign Affairs Review, 17(4), 553–575.
  • Risse-Kappen, T. (1996). Exploring the nature of the beast: International relations theory and comparative policy analysis meet the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies, 34(1), 53–80.
  • Rosamond, B. (2014). Three ways of speaking Europe to the world: Markets, peace, cosmopolitan duty and the EU’s normative power. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16, 133–148.
  • Scheipers, S., & Sicurelli, D. (2007). Normative power Europe: A credible Utopia? Journal of Common Market Studies, 45(2), 435–457.
  • Shapovalova, N., & Boonstra, J. (2012). The European Union: From ignorance to a privileged partnership with Moldova. In M. Kosienkowski & W. Schreiber (Ed.), Moldova: Arena of international influences (pp. 51–77). Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books.
  • Sjursen, H. (2006). The EU as a ‘normative’ power: How can this be? Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 235–251.
  • Smith, K. E. (1998). The use of political conditionality in the EU’s relations with third countries: How effective? European Foreign Affairs Review, 3(2), 253–274.
  • Smith, K. E. (2008). European Union foreign policy in a changing world (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Smith, M. E. (2011). Implementation: Making the EU’s international relations work. In C. Hill & M. Smith (Eds.), International relations and the European Union (pp. 171–193). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Stewart, S. (2009). The interplay of domestic contexts and external democracy promotion: Lessons from Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus. Democratization, 16(4), 804–824.
  • Swanström, N., & Weissmann, M. (2005). Conflict, conflict prevention, conflict management and beyond: A conceptual exploration (Concept Paper). Summer. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University & Uppsala, Uppsala University. Retrieved from http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/ConceptPapers/2005/concept_paper_ConfPrev.pdf
  • Tocci, N. (Ed.). (2008). Who is a normative foreign policy actor? The European Union and its global partners. Brussels, Belgium: Centre for European Policy Studies.
  • Toje, A. (2008). The European Union as a small power, or conceptualizing Europe’s strategic actorness. Journal of European Integration, 30(2), 199–215.
  • Tömmel, I. (2013). The new neighbourhood policy of the EU: An appropriate response to the Arab spring? Democracy and Security,9(1–2), 19–39.
  • Tucker, J. (2007). Enough! Electoral fraud, collective action problems, and post-communist colored revolutions. Perspectives on Politics, 5(3), 535–551.
  • van Hüllen, V. (2010). It takes two to Tango. The European Union and democracy promotion in the Mediterranean. Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität.
  • Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Whitman, R. (2006). Road map for a route march? (De-) civilianizing through the EU’s security strategy. European Foreign Affairs Review, 11, 1–15.
  • Whitman, R., & Juncos, A. E. (2012). The Arab spring, the Eurozone crisis and the neighbourhood: A region in flux. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50, 147–161.
  • Wichmann, N. (2010). Rule of law promotion in the European neighbourhood policy. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos.
  • Youngs, R. (2004). Normative dynamics and strategic interests in the EU’s external identity. Journal of Common Market Studies, 42(2), 415–435.
  • Youngs, R. (2008). A door neither closed nor open’: Europe’s inconsistent support for democratic reform in Ukraine (DEI Working Paper, 08 (5)).
  • Zielonka, J. (2011). The EU as an international actor: Unique or ordinary? European Foreign Affairs Review, 16, 281–301.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.