A decade of decline: a longitudinal look at big city and big county strategies to cope with declining revenues

References

• Levine , Charles H. , Rubin , Irene and Wolohojian , George . 1981 . Resource Scarcity and the Reform Model: The Manasement of Retrenchment in Cincinnati and Oakland . Public Administration Review , 41 November : 619 December
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , Charles H. 1978 . Organizational Decline and Cutback Management . Public Administration Review , 38 July : 315 – 357 . August Howell, James M. and Starnrn, Charles F. Urban Fiscal Stress: A Comparative Analysis of 66 U.S. Cities, Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1979; Levine, Charles H. “More on Cutback Management: Hard Questions for Hard Times,” Public Administration Review 39 (March/April 1979): 179-183; Biller, R.P. “Leadership Tactics for Retrenchment,” Public Administration Review 40 (November/December 1980): 604-608; Bryce, Herrington J., ed. Managing Fiscal Retrenchment in Cities, National Urban Policy Roundtable, Academy for Contemporary Problems, Columbus, Ohio, 1980; Eastman, M. “Experiences of a County with Budget Trimming,” in Bryce, op. cit.; Levine, Charles H., ed. Managing Fiscal Stress: The Crisis in the Public Sector, Chatham House, Chatham, New Jersey, 1980; Levine, Charles H. and Rubin, Irene, eds. Fiscal Stress and Public Policy, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California, 1980; Lewis, C. and Logalbo, A.T. “Cutback Principles and Practices : A Checklist for Managers, ” Public Administration Review 40 (March/April 1980): 184-188; Wolman, Harold. “Local Government Strategies to Cope with Fiscal Pressure” in Levine arid Rubin, 1980 op. cit. ; Bowman, John H. “Urban Revenue Structures: An Overview of Patterns, Trends,' and Issues”, Public Administration Review 41 (Special Issue, January 1981) : 131 - 143; Florestano, Patricia S. “Revenue-Raising Limitations on Local Government : A Focus on Alternative Responses,” Public Administration Review 41 (Special Issue, January 1981 ): 122-1 31 ; Levine, Charles H., Rubin, Irene S., and Wolohojian, George. The Politics of Retrenchment: How Local. Governments Manage Fiscal Stress, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California, 1981; McCaffery, Jerry. “Revenue Budgeting: Dade County Tries a Decremental Approach,” Public Administration Review 41 (Special Issue, January 1981): 179-189; Danzinger, James N. and Ring, Peter Smith. “Fiscal Limitations: A Selective Review of Recent Research,” Public Administration Review 42 (January/February 1982): 47-56; Kirlin, John J. The Political Economy of Fiscal Limits, Lexington Books, Lexinqton, Massachusetts, 1982; arti in, ,Joan K. urban Financial Stress; why Cities Go Broke, Auburn House, Boston, Massachusetts, 1982; Menchick, Mark D., Fernandez, Judith, and Caggiano, Michael. How Fiscal Restraint Affects Spending and Services in Cities, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California, 1982; Rubin, Irene. Running in the Red: The Political Dynamics of Urban Fiscal Stress, State University of New York Press, Albany, New York, 1982; and Sears, David O. and Citrin, John. Tax Revolt: Something for Nothing in California, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellwood , John William , ed. 1982 . Reductions in U. S. Domestic spending: How They Affect State and Local Governments , New Brunswick, New Jersey : Transaction Books . The federal share of local government revenue peaked in 1978. Nathan, Richard P., Doolittle, Fred C.. and Associates. The Consequences of cuts: The Effects of the Reagan Domestic Program on State and Local Governments, Princeton University Urban and Regional Research Center, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Abrams , Jay H. 1982 . Local Government Finance: Realities and Directions . Public Budgeting and Finance , 2 Spring : 3 – 8 . Bozeman, Barry and Straussman, Jeffrey D. “Shrinking Budgets and the Shrinkage of Budget Theory,” Public Administration Agency Responses in 17 Local Governments," in Susskind, Larry E. and Serio, J.E. Proposition 2 1/2: Its Impact on Massachusetts. Delgeschlager, Gunn, and Hain, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983; McGowan, Robert P. and Stevens, John M. "Local Government Initiatives in a Climate of Uncertainty," Public Administration Review 43 (March/April 1983): 127- 136; and Nathan, Doolittle, and Associates, op. cit
   Google Scholar
• Burchell , Robert W. , Carr , James H. , Florida , Richard L. and Neimeth , James . 1984 . The New Reality of Municipal Finance: The Rise and Fall of the Intergovernmental City , New Brunswick, New Jersey : Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University . Carr, James H., ed. Crisis and Constraint in Municipal Finance: Local Fiscal Prospects in a Period of Uncertainty, Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1984; Downs, George W. and Rocke, David M. Theory of Budgetary Decisionmaking and Revenue Decline, Policy Sciences 16 (1984): 329-345; Behn, Robert D. “Cutback Budgeting,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 4 (1985): 155-177; Pammer, William J., Jr. and Morgan, David R. "Dimensions of Retrenchment Strategies in Municipal Governments," (1985) paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Political Science Association. Houston, Texas; Shefter, Martin. Political Crisis/Fiscal Crisis: The Collapse and Revival of New York City, Basic Books, Inc., New York, New York, 1985; Gottdiener, M. ed. Cities in Stress: A New Look at the Urban Crisis. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California, 1986; MacManus, Susan A. and Clark, Terry Nichols, symposium eds. “Coping with Cutbacks,” Transaction Social Science and Modern Society 23 (September/October 1986): 48-64; and Starling, Jay. Municipal Coping Strategies: As Soon As the Dust Settles, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Greene , Barbara P. 1987 . Counties and the Fiscal Challenge of the 1980s . Intergovernmental Perspective , 13 Winter : 14 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , William P. Jr . 1987 . Breaking the Habit: Big City and Big County Strategies to Cope with Less Dependence . tape of panel at the annual meeting of the American Society for Public Administration . 1987 , Boston, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Size, economic base, loss of external aid, and region were the factors used to select jurisdictions to be represented on the ASPA panel.
   Google Scholar
• Ellwood . op. cit , Nathan, Doolittle, and Associates, op. cit.; Shefter, op. cit
   Google Scholar
• Tufte , Edward R. 1978 . Political Control of the Economy , Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton, University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , Rubin and Wolohojian . 1978 . The Politics of Retrenchment . op. cit , : 14
   Google Scholar
• 1978 . Ibid ,
   Google Scholar
• Ladd , Helen F. 1978 . An Economic Evaluation of State Limitations on Local Taxing and Spending Powers . National Tax Journal , 31 June : 1 – 18 . MacManus, Susan A. “The Impact of Functional Responsib.ility and State Legal Constraints on the ‘Revenue-Debt’ Packaqes of U.S. Central Cities,” International Journal of Public Administration 3 (1981): 67-111; MacManus, Susan A. “State Government: The Overseer of Municipal Finance,” in Sbragia, Alberta. The Municipal Money Chase: The Politics of Local Government Finance, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1983; Lowery, David. “Limitations on Taxing and Spending Powers: An Assessment of their Effectiveness,” Social Science Quarterly 63 (June 1983): 247-263; Lowery, David. “The Hidden Impact of Fiscal Caps: Implications of the Beck Phenomenon,” Public Budgeting & Finance 3 (Autumn 1983): 19-32; and Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. Chanqing Public Attitudes on Governments and Taxes 1986, ACIR, Washington, D.C., 1986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacManus , Susan A. 1987 . Local Government Reactions to Declining Revenues: A View Across the States , Cleveland, Ohio : College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University .
   Google Scholar
• Corporation for Economic Development . 1987 . Economic Climate Project Report , Washington, D.C : CED . For a review of this literature
   Google Scholar
• Lowery . 1987 . Limitations on Taxing and Spending Powers . op. cit , Lowery, “The Hidden Impact of Fiscal Caps ” op. cit
   Google Scholar
• Mushkin , Selma J. and Vehorn , C.L. 1977 . User Fees and Charges . Government Finance , 11 : 42 – 48 . Holland, D.M. and McCarney, P.L. “User Fees and Charges,” in Susskind and Serio, op. cit.; McCarney, Patricia L. “Increasing Reliance on User Fees and Charges” in Susskind and Serio, op. cit.; and Kelley, Joseph T. Costing Government Services: A Guide for Decision Making, Government Finance Officers Association, Chicago, Illinois, 1984
   Google Scholar
• Stein , Robert M. , Sinclair , Elizabeth G. and Nieman , Max . 1986 . “ Local Government and Fiscal Stress: An Exploration into Spending and Public Employment Decisions ” . In Cities in Stress: A New Look at the Urban Crisis , Edited by: Gottdiener , M. Beverly Hills, California : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, op. cit..
   Google Scholar
• Jurisdictions with income taxing power in 1976: Cities (Alabama, Delaware, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania); Counties (Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland); School Districts (Iowa, Pennsylvania); Other (Pennsylvania). Jurisdictions with sales taxing power in 1976: Municipalities (Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota); Municipalities and Counties -- not disaggregatable from data (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington); Municipalities and Boroughs (Alaska ; Municipalities, Counties, and Transit Districts (California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois and New York); Municipalities and Transit Districts (Texas); Municipalities, Parishes, and School Districts (Louisiana); Counties (Florida, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Counties and Transit Districts (Ohio) 2
   Google Scholar
• Jurisdictions with income taxing power, 1985: Cities (Alabama, Delaware, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania); Counties (Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland); School Districts (Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania); Other (Pennsylvania). Jurisdictions with sales taxing power in 1985: Municipalities (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas,, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia,, Washington); Counties (Alabama, Arizon?., Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinoisp Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming);: Boroughs (Alaska); Transit Districts (California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Texas); Parishes (Louisiana ) ; Special Districts (Louisiana)
   Google Scholar
• Stein , Sinclair and Nieman . 1986 . op. cit ,
   Google Scholar
• Pascal , Anthony , ed. 1984 . Exploring Benefit-Based Finance for Local Government Services: Must User Charges Harm the Disadvantaged? , Santa Monica, California : Rand Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• MacManus , Susan A. 1984 . Introduction: Intergovernmental Dimensions of Urban Fiscal stress . Publius , 14 Spring : 1 – 6 . MacManus, Local Government Reactions to Declining Revenues, op. cit . ; Morqan, David R. and England, Robert E. “State Aid to Cities: A Causal inquiry, ” Publius 14 (Spring 1984): 67-82
   Google Scholar
• Mikesell , John L. and Zorn , C. Kurt . 1986 . State Lotteries as Fiscal Savior or Fiscal Fraud? A Look at the Evidence . Public Administration Review , 46 July : 311 – 320 . August
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Aronson , J. Richard and Schwartz , Eli , eds. 1984 . Management Policies in Local Government Finance , Washington, D.C : Municipal Finance Officers Association and International City Management Association .
   Google Scholar
• Clark and Ferguson . 1984 . op. cit , Greiner and Hatry, op. cit.; Shefter, op. cit
   Google Scholar
• MacManus , Susan A. 1986 . “ Using Federal Budget Cuts for Administrative Reform: CDBG Cutbacks in a City Marginally Dependent Upon Federal Funds ” . In Administering the New Federalism , Edited by: Bender , Lewis and Stever , James . Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , Paul E. 1981 . City Limits , Chicago, Illinois : University of Chicago Press . Fossett, op. cit.; Burchell, op. cit.; Browning, Rufus P., Marshall, Dale Rogers, and Tabb, David H. Protest Is Not Enough: The Struggle of Blacks and Hispanics for Equality in Urban Politics, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1984; MacManus, Susan A. “Shifting to Block Grants: The Priorities of Urban Minorities,” Journal of Urban Affairs 7 (Spring 1985):75-92; MacManus, Susan A. “Staying in the Game: The Reaction of Nonprofit Organizations to Federal Cutbacks,” Western Political Quarterly 38 (December 1985):641-651
   Google Scholar
• McInturff , Patrick . 1980 . Proposition 13: The Impact on the Inland Empire , San Bernardino, California : Department of Public Administration, California State University .
   Google Scholar
• Hatry , Harry B. and Blair , Louis H. 1976 . “ Citizen Surveys for Local Government ” . In Citizen Preferences and Urban Public Policy , Edited by: Nichols , Terry Nichols . Beverly Hills, California : Sage Publications . Rosener, Judy B. “Making Bureaucrats Responsive: A Study of the Impact of Citizen Participation and Staff Recommendations on .Regulatory Decision Making,” Public Administration Review 42 (July/August 1982): 339-345; Wilson, L.A. “Preference Revelation and Public Policv: Making Sense of Citizen Survey Data,” public Administration Review 43 (July/August 1983): 335- 342; and Crosby, Ned, Kelly, Janet M., and Schaefer, Paul. “Citizens1 Panels: A New Approach to Citizen Participation,” Public Administration Review 46 (March/April 1986): 170-178.
   Google Scholar
• Menchick , Fernandez and Caggiano . 1976 . op. cit , Greiner and Hatry, op. cit. ; and MacManus, Susan A. “Changing Expenditure Patterns in American Cities During Periods of Fiscal Retrenchment: A Look at Shifts in Functional Priorities,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Birmingham, Alabama, November, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Mushkin , Selma , ed. 1972 . Public Prices for Private Products , Washington, D.C : The Urban Institute . Edwards, Franklin and Stevens, Barbara J. “Local Government Regulation of Residential Refuge Collection by Private Firms,” in Savas, E.S. The Organization and Efficiency of Solid Waste Collection, Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1977; Hanrahan, John. Government For $ale: Contractinq Out: The New Patronage, American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Washington, D.C., 1977; Savas, E.S., “Policy Analysis for Local Government: Public vs. Private Refuse Collection.” in Levine, Charles H. Managing Fiscal Stress, op.cit.; Savas, E.S. “Intracity Competition Between Public and Private Service Delivery, ”Public Administration Review 41 (January/February 1981) 46-52; Savas, E.S. Privatizing the Public Sector: How to Shrink Government, Chatham House, Chatham, New Jersev, 1982; Fisk, Donald. Kieslina. Herbert. Private Provision of public Services, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., 1 978 ; Bennet , James T. and Johnson, Manuel, “Public Versus Private Provision of Collective Goods and Services: Garbage Collection Revisited,” Public Choice 34 (1979): 55-63; Poole, Robert W., Jr. Cutting Back City Hall, Universe
   Google Scholar
• Pammer and Morgan . 1972 . op. cit ,
   Google Scholar
• Wolman . 1972 . op. cit , : 238
   Google Scholar
• Bjur , W.E. and Siegel , G.D. 1977 . Voluntary Citizen Participation in Local Government: Quality, Cost, and Comrnitment . Midwest Review of Public Administration , 11 June : 135 – 149 . Hawkins, Brett W. “Public Needs and Private Resources,” Transaction-social Science and Modern Society 23 (September/October 1986): 57-58
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins . 1977 . op. cit , 11 June : 58
   Google Scholar
• Rich , Richard D. 1977 . Equity and Institutional Design in Urban Service Delivery . Urban Affairs Quarterly , 54 March : 741 – 758 . Rich, Richard D. “A Political Economy Approach to the Study of Neighborhood Organizations,” American Journal of Political Science 24 (November 1980): 559-592; Brudney, Jeffrey L. and England, Robert E. Public Attitudes Toward Community Services: Implications for Policy, Midwest Review of Public Administration 14 (September 1980): 200-204; Brudney, Jeffrey L. and England, Robert E. “Toward a Definition of the coproduction Concept,”Public Administration Review 43 (January/February 1983): 59-65; Sharp, Elaine B. “Toward a New Understandins of Urban Services and Citizen participation: The Coproduction Concept,” Midwest Review of Public Administration 14 (June 1980): 105-118; Whitaker, Gordon P. "Coproduction: Citizen Participation in Service Delivery, Public Administration Review 40 (May/June 1980): 240-246; Warren, Robert, Harlow, Karen S., and Rosentraub, Mark S. "Citizen Participation in the Production of Services: Methodoloqical and Policv Issues in Coproduc,tion Research, The Southwestepn Review 2 (Summer 1982): 41-55; Warren, Robert, Rosentraub, Mark S., and Harlow, Karen S. "Coproduction, Equity, and the Distribution of Safety," Urban Affairs Quarterly 19 (June 1984): 447-464; Greiner and Hatry, op. cit.; and Ferris, James M. "Coprovision: Citizen Time and Money Donations in public Service Provision, " Public Administration Review 44 (July/August 1984): 324-333.
   Google Scholar
• Rapp , Brian W. and Patitucci , Frank M. 1977 . Managing Local Government for Improved Performance : A Practical Approach , Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press . Levine, Managing Fiscal Stress, op. cit.; The Urban Institute. Performance Measurement: A Guide for Local Elected Officials, The Urban Institute Press, Washington, D.C., 1980; Washnis, George J., ed. productivity Improvement. Handbook for State and Local Government, John Wiley, New York, New York, 1980; Greiner, John M., Hatry, Harry P., Koss, M.P., Miller, A.P., and Woodward, J-P. Productivity and Motivation: A Review of State and Local Government Initiatives, The Urban Institute, Washington, D. C., 1981; Ammons, David N. and King, Joseph C. “Productivity Improvement in Local Government: Its Place Among Competing. Priorities,” Public Administration Review 42 (March/April 1983):113-120; Clark and Ferguson, op. cit.; Rabin, Jack, Hildreth, W. Bartley, and Miller, Gerald J. Budget Management: A Reader in Local Government Financial Management, Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georqia, Athens, Georcria, 1983; Ammons. David N.Municipal productivity : A Comparison of Fourteen High-Quality Service Cities, Praeger, New York, New York, 1984; Epstein, Paul D. Using Performance Measurement in Local Government: A Guide to Improving Decisions, Performance, and Accountability, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, New York, 1984; Malan, Roland, M., Fountain, James R., Jr., Arrowsmith, Donald S., and Lockridge, Robert L.III Performance Auditing in Local Government, Government Finance Officers Association, Chicago, Illinois, 1984; Miller, Trudi C., . ed. public Sector Performance: A Conceptual Turning Point, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1984; Davis, charles E. and West, Jonathan P. “Adopting Personnel Productivity Innovations in American Local Governments,” Policy Studies Review 4 (February 1985): 541-549; and Morley, Elaine. A Practitioner's Guide to Public Sector Improvement Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, New York, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Wolman . 1977 . op. cit , : 237 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Advisorv Commission on Intergovernmental Relatiois . October 1985 . Intergovernmental Service Arrangements for Delivering Local Public Services Update 1983 , October , Washington, D.C : ACIR .
   Google Scholar
• Clark and Ferguson . 1985 . op. cit , October
   Google Scholar
• Wolman . 1985 . op. cit , October Kelso, William A. and Maggiotto, Michael A. “Multiple Indications of Financial instability in Local Governments, ”International Journal of Public Administration 3 (1981): 789-218; MacManus, “The Impact of Functional,” op. cit; Herbst, Anthony F. Capital Budgeting: Theory, Quantitative Methods, and Applications, Harper & Row, New York, New York, 1982; Clark and Ferguson, op. cit.; Hamilton, Randy. “The World Turned Upside Down: The Contemporary Revolution in State and Local Government Capital Financing,” Public Administration Review 43 (January/February 1983): 22-31 ; Matzer, John Jr. Capital Financing Strategies for Local Government, International City Management Association, Washington, D.C., 1983; Peterson, John E. and Hough, Wesley C. Creative Capital Financing for State and Local Governments, Municipal Finance Officers Association. Washinston, D.C., 1983; Sbraqia, Alberta M. “Polititics, Local Government, and the Municipal Bond Market,” in Sbragia, Alberta M. The Municipal Money Chase, op. cit. ; Hatry, Harry P., Miller, Annie P. and Evans, James H. Guide to Setting Priorities for Capital Investment, The Urban Institute Press, Washington, D.C., 1984; Hatry, Harry P. and Peterson, George E., Series Eds. Guides to Managing Urban Capital: A Summary, The Urban Institute Press, Washington, D.C., 1984; Hatry, Harry P. and Steinthol, Bruce. Guide to Selecting Maintenance Strategies for Capital Facilities, The Urban Institute Press, Washington, D.C., 1984; Peterson, George E., Miller, Mary John, Godwin, Stephen R., and Shapiro, Carol. Guide to Benchmarks of Urban Capital Condition, The Urban Institute Press, Washington, D.C., 1984; Pagano, Michael A. and Moore, Richard J.T. Cities and Fiscal Choices: A New Model of Urban Public Investment, Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 1985; Weiss, Barbara, ed. Public/Private Partnerships: Financing a Common Wealth, Government Finance Officers Association, Chicago, Illinois, 1985; Sharp, Elaine B. “The Politics and Economics of the New City Debt,” American Political Science Review 80 (December 1986): 1271-1288; Snyder, Thomas P. and Stegman, Michael A. Paying for Growth: Using Development Fees to Finance Infrastructure, The Urban Land Institute, Washington, D.C., 1986; and Chapman, Jeffrey I. Lonq-Term Financial Planning: Creative Strategies for Local Government, International City Management Association, Washington, D.C., 1987
   Google Scholar
• Pammer and Morgan . 1985 . op. cit , October : 1
   Google Scholar
• Sharp . 1985 . The Politics and Economics of New City Debt . op. cit , October : 1286
   Google Scholar
• Harrell , Rhett D. 1986 . Banking Relations: A Guide for Government , Chicago, Illinois : Government Finance Officers Association . Straussman, Jeffrey D.“More Bang for Fewer Bucks? or How Local Governments Can Rediscover the Potentials
   Google Scholar
• Shalmy , Pat . 1987 . Tape of ASPA panel . Op. cit , March
   Google Scholar
• Hickey , Norm . 1987 . Tape of ASPA panel . Op. cit , March
   Google Scholar
• Rattley , Mayor Jessie . 1987 . Tape of ASPA panel . Op. cit , March
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . Ibid , March
   Google Scholar
• Shalmy . 1987 . op. cit , March
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . Ibid , March
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , Scott . 1987 . Tape of ASPA panel . Op. cit , March
   Google Scholar
• Levine , Rubin and Wolohojian , George . 1987 . The Politics of Retrenchment . op. cit , March : 14
   Google Scholar