OROPHARYNGEAL ASPIRATION OF RICIN AS A LUNG CHALLENGE MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF THE THERAPEUTIC INDEX OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST RICIN A-CHAIN FOR POST-EXPOSURE TREATMENT

REFERENCES

• Franz DR, Jaax NK: Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare in textbook of military medicine, part one: Ricin toxin. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General, USA, Dept. of the Army; 1997:631–642.
   Google Scholar
• Lord JM, Robert, LM, Robertus JD: Ricin: structure, mode of action and some current applications. FASEB J. 1994;8:201–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsnes S, Phil A: Different biological properties of the two constituent peptide chains of ricin, a toxic protein inhibiting protein synthesis. Biochem. 1973;12:3121–3126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsnes S, Phil A: Different biological properties of the two constituent peptide chains of ricin, a toxic protein inhibiting protein synthesis. Biochem. 1974;12:3121–3126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord JM, Deeks E, Marsden CJ, Moore K, Pateman C, Smith DC, Spooner RA, Watson P, Roberts LM: Retrograde transport of toxins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrance. Biochem Society Trans. 2003;31:1260–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo Y, Tsurugi K: RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin A-chain. J Biol Chem. 1987;262:8128–8130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo Y, Tsurugi K: The RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin A-chain. The characterization of the enzymatic activity of ricin A-chain with ribosomes and rRNA. J Biol Chem. 1988;263:8735–8739.
   Google Scholar
• Wool IG, Gluck A, Endo Y: Ribotoxin recognition of ribosomal RNA and a proposal for the mechanism of translocation. Trends Biochem Sci. 1992;17:266–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel P, Rivera VR, Pitt ML, Poli MA: Comparison of the pulmonary distribution and efficacy of antibodies given to mice by intratracheal instillation or aerosol inhalation. Lab anim Sci. 1996;46:516–523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roy CJ, Hale M, Hartings JM, Pitt L, Duniho S: Impact of inhalation exposure modality and particle size on the respiratory deposition of ricin in BALB/c mice. Inhal Toxicol. 2003;15:619–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doebler JA, Wiltshire ND, Mayer TW, Estep JE, Moeller RB, Traub RK, Broomfield CA, Calamaio CA, Thompson WL, Pitt ML: The distribution of [125I]ricin in mice following aerosol inhalation exposure. Toxicology. 1995;98:137–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audi J, Belson M, Patel M, Schier J, Osterloh J: Ricin poisoning: a comprehensive review. JAMA 2005;294:2342–2351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RF, White DE: Ultrastructure of rat lung following inhaltion of ricin aerosol. Int J Exp Pathol. 1997;78:267–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korcheva V, Wong J, Lindauer M, Jacoby DB, Iordanov MS, Magun B: Role of apoptotic signaling pathways in regulation of inflammatory responses to ricin in primary murine macrophages. Mol Immunol 2007;44(10):2761–2771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi S, Tamura T, Oda T: Cross-talk between the pathways leading to the induction of apoptosis and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in ricin-treated RAW 264.7 cells. J Biochem. 2003;134:927–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korcheva V, Wong J, Corless C Iordanov M, Magun B: Administration of ricin induces a severe inflammatory response via nonredundant stimulation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK and provides a mouse model of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Am J Pathol. 2005;166:323–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes JN, Lindsay CD, Griffiths, GD: Morphology of ricin and abrin exposed endothelial cells is consistent with apoptotic cell death. Hum Expt Toxicol. 1996;15;443–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler-Rodriguez A, Ghetie M, Oppenhiemer-Marks N, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES: Ricin A-chain and immunotoxin rapidly damage human endothelial cells: implications for vascular leak syndrome. Exp Cell Res. 1993;206:227–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappeneheimer AM, Uchida T, Harper AA: An immunological study of the diphtheria toxin molecule. Immunochemistry. 1972;9:891–906.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colombatti M, Johnson VG, Skopick HA, Fendley B, Lewis MS, Youle RJ: Identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing a galactose-binding domain of the toxin ricin. J Immunol. 1987;38:3339–3344.
   Google Scholar
• Lemley PV, Amanatides P, Wright DC: Identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes ricin toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Hybridoma. 1994;13:417–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli MA, Rivera VR, Pitt ML, Vogel P: Aerosolized specific antibody protects mice from lung injury associated with aerosolized ricin exposure. Toxicon. 1996;34:1037–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewetson JF, Rivera VR, Creasia DA, Lemley PV, Rippy MK, Poli MA: Protection of mice from inhaled ricin by vaccination with ricin or by passive treatment with heterologous antibody. Vaccine. 1993;11:743–746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hastings R, Grady M, Sakuma T, Matthay M: Clearance of different-sized proteins from the alveolar spaces of humans and rabbits. J Appl Physiol. 1992;71:1310–1316.
   Google Scholar
• Lakatos HF, Burgess HA, Thatcher TH, Redonnet MR, Hernady E, Williams JP, Sime PJ: Oropharyngeal aspiration of a silica suspension produces a superior model of silicosis in the mouse when compared to intratracheal instillation. Exp Lung Res. 2006;32:181–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster WM, Walters DM, Longphre M, Macri K, Miller LM: Methodology for the measurement of mucociliary function in the mouse by scintigraphy. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90:1111–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao GV, Tinkle S, Weissman DN, Antonini JM, Kashon ML., Salmen R, Battelli LA, Willard PA, Hoover MD, Hubbes AF: Efficacy of a technique for exposing the mouse lung to particles aspirated from the pharynx. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2003;66:1441–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddaloni M, Cooke C, Wilkinson R, Stout AV, Eng L, Pincus SH: Immunological characteristics associated with the protective efficacy of antibodies to ricin. J Immunol. 2004;172:6221–6228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi SR, Key ME, Kalra KL: Antigen Retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J Histochem Cytochem. 1991;39:741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus SH, Eng L, Cooke CL, Maddaloni M: Identification of hypoglycemia in mice as a surrogate marker of ricin toxicosis. Compar Med. 2002;52:530–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon DF, Bagchi D, Hassoun EA, Stohs SJ: The modulating effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody on ricin-induced oxidative stress in mice. J Biochem Toxicol. 1994;9:311–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez TV, Farrant SA, Mantis NJ: Ricin induces IL-8 secretion from human monocyte/macrophages by activating the p38 MAP kinase pathway. Mol Immunol. 2006;43:1920–1923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu XJ, Iijima K, Nozu K Hamahira K, Tanaka R, Oda T, Yoshikawa N, Matsuo M: Role of p38 MAP kinase pathway in a toxin-induced model of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:844–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook DL, David J, Griffiths GD: Retrospective identification of ricin in animal tissues following administration by pulmonary and oral routes. Toxicol. 2006;223:61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casadevall A: Passive antibody administration (Immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:833–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuinness CR, Mantis NJ: Characterization of a novel high-affinity monoclonal immunoglobulin G antibody against the ricin B subunit. Infect Immunity. 2006;74:3463–3470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebeda FJ, Olson MA: Prediction of a conserved, neutralizing epitope in ribosome-inactivating proteins. Int J Biol Macromolecules. 1999;24:19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama A, Kusano I, Tamura T, Oda T, Muramatsu T: Comparison of the apoptosis-inducing abilities of various protein synthesis inhibitors in U937 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002;66:835–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JM, Lea N, Lord JM, Roberts LM, Milford DV, Taylor CM: Comparison of ribosome-inactivating proteins in the induction of apoptosis. Toxicol Lett. 1997;91:121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassoun E, Wang X: Ricin-induced toxicity in the macrophage J744A.1 cells: the role of TNF-alpha and the modulation effects of TNF-alpha polyclonal antibody. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2000;14:95–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord MJ, Jolliffe NA, Marsden CJ, Pateman CS, Smith DC, Spooner RA, Watson PD, Roberts LM: Ricin. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Toxicol Rev. 2003;22:53–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths GD, Lindsay CD, Allenby AC, Bailey SC, Scawin JW, Rice P, Upshall DG: Protection against inhalation toxicity of ricin and abrin by immunization. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1995;14:155–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar