The Effect of the Ionic Strength of Nutrient Solution on Gas Exchange, Ionic Concentration and Leaf Biomass of Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer Variety ‘Terra-Fria’ Seedlings

REFERENCES

• Alcorn, P.J., J. Bauhus, D.S. Thomas, R.N. James, R.G. B. Smith, and A.B. Nicotra. 2008. Photosynthetic response to green crown pruning in young plantation-grown Eucalyptus pilularis and E-cloeziana. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 3827–3838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, L.F. P., C.M. Alencar, and O.K. Yamanishi. 2010. ‘Thompson’ atemoya grafting onto Rollinia rootstocks. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 32: 653–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, S., A. Navarro, E. Nicolas, and M.J. Sanchez-Blanco. 2011. Transpiration, photosynthetic responses, tissue water relations and dry mass partitioning in Callistemon plants during drought conditions. Scientia Horticulturae 129: 306–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, I., and A. Backlund. 2008. Structure and function of Rubisco. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 46: 275–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avilán, L. 1975. Efecto de la omisión de los macronutrientes en el desarollo y composición química de la guanábana (Annona muricata L.) cultivada en soluciones nutritivas [Effect of omission of macronutrients in the development and chemical composition of the soursop (Annona muricata L.) grown in nutrient solutions.]. Agronomie Tropicale 25: 73–79.
   Google Scholar
• Avilán, L., and F. Leal. 1984. Áreas potenciales para el desarrollo de diferentes espécies fruticolas en el pais: IV. Anonáceas. [Potential areas for the development of different fruit species in the country: IV Anonaceous] Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia 13: 47–59.
   Google Scholar
• Basile, B., E.J. Reidel, S.A. Weinbaum, and T.M. DeJong. 2003. Leaf potassium concentration, CO2 exchange and light interception in almond trees (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb). Scientia Horticulturae 98: 185–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batista, M.M. F., I.J. M. Viégas, D.A. C. Frazão, M.A. A. Thomaz, and R. de C. L. da Silva. 2003. Effect of macronutrient omission in growth, symptoms of nutricional deficiency and mineral composition in soursop plants (Annona muricata). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 25: 315–318.
   Google Scholar
• Bednarz, C.W. and D.M. Oosterhuis. 1999. Physiological changes associated with potassium deficiency in cotton. Journal of Plant Nutrition 22: 303–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boaro, C.S. F., J.D. Rodrigues, J.F. Pedras, S.D. Rodrigues, M.E. Delachiave, and M.M. Mischan. 1996. Magnesium levels in nutrient solution and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Carioca): Development: evaluation of biometric parameters. Scientia Agricola 53: 254–260.
   Google Scholar
• Bonaventure, L. 1999. A Cultura de Cherimóia e Seu Híbrido, a Atemóia [The culture of Cherimoya and its Hybrid, the Atemoya.]. São Paulo: Nobel.
   Google Scholar
• Brizola, R.M. de O., S. Leonel, M.A. Tecchio, and M.M. Mischan. 2005. Macronutrient extraction by fig tree branches and fruits in response to potassium fertilizers. Acta Scientiarum - Agronomy 27: 33–37.
   Google Scholar
• Caruso, G., G. Villari, G. Melchionna, and S. Conti. 2011. Effects of cultural cycles and nutrient solutions on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) grown in hydroponics. Scientia Horticulturae 129: 479–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F.S. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11: 233–260.
   Google Scholar
• Deccetti, S.F. C., A.M. Soares, R. Paiva, and E.M. de Castro. 2008. Effect of the culture environment on stomatal features, epidermal cells and water loss of micropropagated Annona glabra L. plants. Scientia Horticulturae 117: 341–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degl’Innocenti, E., C. Hafsi, L. Guidi and F. Navari-Izzo. 2009. The effect of salinity on photosynthetic activity in potassium-deficient barley species. Journal of Plant Physiology 166: 1968–1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Pozo, A., P. Pérez, D. Gutiérrez, A. Alonso, R. Morcuende, and R. Martínez-Carrasco. 2007. Gas exchange acclimation to elevated CO2 in upper-sunlit and lower-shaded canopy leaves in relation to nitrogen acquisition and partitioning in wheat grown in field chambers. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59: 371–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinakar, C., D. Djilianov, and D. Bartels. 2012. Photosynthesis in desiccation tolerant plants: Energy metabolism and antioxidative stress defense. Plant Science 182: 29–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, Y.-C., C. Chun-Rong, W. Luo, Y.-S. Wu, X.-L. Ren, P. Wang and G.-H. Xu. 2008. High Potassium aggravates the oxidative stress inducedy by magnesium deflciency in rice leaves. Pedosphere 18: 316–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doubnerová, V., and H. Ryšlavá. 2011. What can enzymes of C4 photosynthesis do for C3 plants under stress? Plant Science 180: 575–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont, F.M., W.J. Hurkman, W.H. Vensel, C. Tanaka, K.M. Kothari, O.K. Chung, and S.B. Altenbach. 2006. Protein accumulation and composition in wheat grains: Effects of mineral nutrients and high temperature. European Journal of Agronomy 25: 96–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, E., and A.J. Bloom. 2006. Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives. Londrina, Brazil: Planta Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, M., Z. Bie, A. Krumbein, and D. Schwarz. 2011. Salinity stress in tomatoes can be alleviated by grafting and potassium depending on the rootstock and K-concentration employed. Scientia Horticulturae 130: 615–623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca, A.G. and I.A. F. Muniz. 1992. Informações sobre a cultura de espécies frutíferas nativas da região de cerrado [Information about the culture of native fruit species of the cerrado region.] Informe Agropecuário 16: 2–17.
   Google Scholar
• George, A.P., R.J. Nissen, and C. Howitt. 1990. Effects of environmental variables and cropping on leaf conductance of custard apple (Annona cherimola × Annona squamosa) ‘African Pride’. Scientia Horticulturae 45: 137–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, S.S., N.A. Khan, and N. Tuteja. 2012. Cadmium at high dose perturbs growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism while at low dose it up regulates sulfur assimilation and antioxidant machinery in garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Plant Science 182: 112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gindaba, J., A. Rozanov, and L. Negash. 2005. Photosynthetic gas exchange, growth and biomass allocation of two Eucalyptus and three indigenous tree species of Ethiopia under moisture deficit. Forest Ecology and Management 205: 127–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorbe, E., and Á. Calatayud. 2010. Optimization of nutrition in soilless systems: A review. In: Advances in Botanical Research, eds. J.-C. Kader and M. Delseny, p.193. Sunderland, UK: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hänsch, R. and R.R. Mendel. 2009. Physiological functions of mineral micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, B, Cl). Current Opinion in Plant Biology 12: 259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi, H., T. Sakuratan, and N. Utsunomiya. 1999. Photosynthesis, leaf morphology, and shoot growth as affected by temperatures in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) trees. Scientia Horticulturae 80: 91–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi, H., N. Utsunomiya and T. Sakuratani. 1998. Effects of temperature on growth, dry matter production and CO2 assimilation in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) and sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae 73: 89–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoagland, D.R., and D.I. Arnon. 1950. The water culture method for growing plants without soils. Berkeley, CA: California Agricultural Experimental Station.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Z.A., D.A. Jiang, Y. Yang, J.W. Sun, and S.H. Jin. 2004. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzymes in leaves of rice plants. Photosynthetica 42: 357–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, N., N.A. Khan, R. Nazar, and J.A. T. da Silva. 2012. Ethylene-stimulated photosynthesis results from increased nitrogen and sulfur assimilation in mustard types that differ in photosynthetic capacity. Environmental and Experimental Botany 78: 84–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavati, R. 1992. Cultivo de atemóia [The culture of atemoya]. In: Cultivo de atemóia [The culture of Atemoya], eds. L. C. Donadio, A. B. G. Martin, and J. P. Valente., p.39. Jaboticabal: FUNEP.
   Google Scholar
• Kusunoki, M. 2007. Mono-manganese mechanism of the photosytem II water splitting reaction by a unique Mn4Ca cluster. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1767: 484–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larcher, W. 2006. Ecofisiologia Vegetal [Physiological Plant Ecology.] São Carlos: Rima.
   Google Scholar
• Lawlor, D.W., and G. Cornic. 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell & Environment 25: 275–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., G.-X. Wang, M. Xin, H.-M. Yang, X.-J. Wu and T. Li. 2004. The parameters of guard cell calcium oscillation encodes stomatal oscillation and closure in Vicia faba. Plant Science 166: 415–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, W., M. Wang and X. Ai. 2009. The role of calcium in regulating photosynthesis and related physiological indexes of cucumber seedlings under low light intensity and suboptimal temperature stress. Scientia Horticulturae 123: 34–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littell, R.C., W.C. Stroup and R.J. Freund. 2002. SAS for Linear Models. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, H., C. Ximing, C. Riyuan, S. Shiwei, and S. Guangwen. 2008. Effects of magnesium deficiency on growth and photosynthesis of flowering chinese cabbage. Acta Horticulturae 767: 169–175.
   Google Scholar
• Maathuis, F.J. M. 2009. Physiological functions of mineral macronutrients. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 12: 250–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahouachi, J., A. Socorro, and M. Talon. 2006. Responses of papaya seedlings (Carica papaya L.) to water stress and re-hydration: growth, photosynthesis and mineral nutrient imbalance. Plant and Soil 281: 137–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malavolta, E., G.C. Vitti, and S.A. Oliveira. 1997. Avaliação do Estado Nutricional das Plantas: Princípios e Aplicações[Nutritional Status of Plants: Principles and Applications]. Piracicaba, Brazil: POTAFOS.
   Google Scholar
• Manica, I., I.M. Icuma, K.P. Junqueira, M.A. S. Oliveira, M.M. Cunha, M.E. Oliveira Jr., N.T. V. Junqueira and R.T. Alves. 2003. Frutas Anonáceas: Ata ou Pinha, Atemoia, Cherimólia e Graviola - Tecnologia de Produção, Pós-colheita, Mercado [Annonaceae Fruits: Sugar Apple or Sweetsop, Atemoya, Cherimoya and Soursop - Production Technology, Post-Harvest, Market.] Porto Alegre, Brazil: Cinco Continentes.
   Google Scholar
• Marenco, R.A., and N.F. Lopes. 2005. Fisiologia Vegetal: Fotossíntese, Respiração, Relações Hídricas e Nutrição Mineral [Plant Physiology: Photosynthesis, Respiration, Water Relations and Mineral Nutrition]. Viçosa, Brazil: Editora UFV.
   Google Scholar
• Marler, T.E., and Y. Zozor. 1996. Salinity Influences photosynthetic characteristics, water relations, and foliar mineral composition of Annona squamosa L. Journal of American Society of Hortcultural Science 121: 243–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschner, P. 2012. Marschner's, Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Massa, D., N.S. Mattson and H. Lieth. 2008. An empirical model to simulate sodium absorption in roses growing in a hydroponic system. Scientia Horticulturae 118: 228–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matcha, S.K. 2007. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on plant growth, leaf photosynthesis, and hyper spectral reflectance properties in castor (Ricinus communis). Dallas, TX: ASA Southern Branch.
   Google Scholar
• McAinsh, M.R., and J.K. Pittman. 2009. Shaping the calcium signature. New Phytologist 181: 275–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monneveux, P., D. Rekika, E. Acevedo, and O. Merah. 2006. Effect of drought on leaf gas exchange, carbon isotope discrimination, transpiration efficiency and productivity in field grown durum wheat genotypes. Plant Science 170: 867–872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murillo-Amador, B., H.G. Jones, C. Kaya, R.L. Aguilar, J.L. García-Hernández, E. Troyo-Diéguez, N.Y. Ávila-Serrano, and E. Rueda-Puente. 2006. Effects of foliar application of calcium nitrate on growth and physiological attributes of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) grown under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 58: 188–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthuri, C.W., C.K. Ong, J. Craigon, B.M. Mati, V.W. Ngumi, and C.R. Black. 2009. Gas exchange and water use efficiency of trees and maize in agroforestry systems in semi-arid Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129: 497–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeem, M., M.M. A. Khan, M. M. Idrees, and T. Aftab. 2010. Phosphorus ameliorates crop productivity, photosynthetic efficiency, nitrogen-fixation, activities of the enzymes and content of nutraceuticals of Lablab purpureus L. Scientia Horticulturae 126: 205–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro, A., S. Bañon, E. Olmos, and M.J. Sánchez-Blanco. 2007. Effects of sodium chloride on water potential components, hydraulic conductivity, gas exchange and leaf ultrastructure of Arbutus unedo plants. Plant Science 172: 473–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Núnez-Elisea, R., B. Schaffer, J.B. Fisher, A.M. Colls, and J.H. Crane. 1999. Influence of Flooding on Net CO2 Assimilation, Growth and Stem Anatomy of Annona Species. Annals of Botany 84: 771–780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda, M., B. Schaffer, and F.S. Davies. 2004a. Flooding, root temperature, physiology and growth of two Annona species. Tree Physiology 24: 1019–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda, M., B. Schaffer and F.S. Davies. 2004b. Soil temperature, physiology, and growth of containerized Annona species. Scientia Horticulturae 102: 243–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardossi, A., F. Falossi, F. Malorgio, L. Incrocci, and G. Bellocchi. 2005. Empirical models of macronutrient uptake in melon plants grown in recirculating nutrient solution culture. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27: 1261–1280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez, P., R. Morcuende, I.M. delMolino, and R. Martıínez-Carrasco. 2005. Diurnal changes of Rubisco in response to elevated CO2, temperature and nitrogen in wheat grown under temperature gradient tunnels. Environmental and Experimental Botany 53: 13–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilon, M., S.E. Abdel-Ghany, C.M. Cohu, K.A. Gogolin, and H. Ye. 2006. Copper cofactor delivery in plant cells. Current Opinions in Plant Biology 9: 256–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramani, B., H. Zorn, and J. Papenbrock. 2004. Quantification and fatty acid profiles of sulfolipids in two halophytes and a glycophyte grown under different salt concentrations. Journal of Biosciences 59: 835–842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, P., E. Bonte, J. Krijgsveld, K.E Kolodziej, B. Guyot, A.J. R. Heck, P. Vyas, E. de Boer, F. Grosveld, and J. Strouboulis. 2005. GATA-1 forms distinct activating and repressive complexes in erythroid cells. Embo Journal 24: 2354–2366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouphael, Y., M. Cardarelli, E. Rea, and G. Colla. 2008. The influence of irrigation system and nutrient solution concentration on potted geranium production under various conditions of radiation and temperature. Scientia Horticulturae 118: 328–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz, H.A. 1997. Relações molares de macronutrientes em tecidos vegetais como base para a formulação de soluções nutritivas [Molar ratios of macronutrients in plant tissues as a basis for formulating nutrient solutions.] Revista Ceres 44: 533–546.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, D., H.P. Klaring, M.W. Van Iersel, and K.T. Ingran. 2002. Growth and photosynthetic response of tomato to nutrient solution concentration at two light levels. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 127: 984–990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiz, L., and E. Zeiger. 2010. Plant Physiology. Sunderland, UK: Sinauer Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, W., Q.W. Meng, M. Brestic, K. Olsovska, and X. Yang. 2011. Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous calcium in heat-stressed tobacco plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 168: 2063–2071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D.S., K.D. Montagu, and J.P. Conroy. 2006. Leaf inorganic phosphorus as a potential indicator of phosphorus status, photosynthesis and growth of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management 223: 267–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, M.V., and M.A. Zwieniecki. 2005. The role of potassium in long distance transport in plants. In: Vascular Transport in Plants, p.221. Burlington, VT: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tokunaga, T. 2005. A Cultura da Atemóia[The Atemoya Culture]. Campinas, Brazil: Cati.
   Google Scholar
• Urban, O., M. Hrstka, M. Zitová, P. Holišová, M. Šprtová, K. Klem, C. Calfapietra, P. De Angelis, and M.V. Marek. 2012. Effect of season, needle age and elevated CO2 concentration on photosynthesis and Rubisco acclimation in Picea abies. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 58: 135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, C.L., A. Kleinert, K.C. Scortecci, V.A. Benedito, and A.J. Valentine. 2011. Phosphorus-deficiency reduces aluminium toxicity by altering uptake and metabolism of root zone carbon dioxide. Journal of Plant Physiology 168: 459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, C., X. Liu, S.M. Lesch, and D.L. Suarez. 2006. Growth response of major USA cowpea cultivars: II. Effect of salinity on leaf gas exchange. Plant Science 170: 1095–1101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, X., Q. Liu, and C. Han. 2008. Growth and photosynthetic responses of Picea asperata seedlings to enhanced ultraviolet-B and to nitrogen supply. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20: 11–18.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, X., and P.C. Struik. 2009. C3 and C4 photosynthesis models: An overview from the perspective of crop modelling. Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 57: 27–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, D., K. Raja Reddy, V.G. Kakani, and V.R. Reddy. 2005. Nitrogen deficiency effects on plant growth, leaf photosynthesis, and hyperspectral reflectance properties of sorghum. European Journal of Agronomy 22: 391–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y., T.H. Graham, S. Richard, and M. Dixon. 2005. Can low nutrient strategies be used for pot gerbera production in closed-loop subirrigation. Acta Horticulturae 691: 365–372.
   Google Scholar