Mineral nitrogen impairs the biological nitrogen fixation in soybean of determinate and indeterminate growth types

References

• Allos, H. F., and W. V. Bartholomew. 1959. Replacement of symbiotic fixation by available nitrogen. Soil Science 87:61–66.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, V. L., and R. A. McLean. 1974. Design of experiments: a realistic approach (Vol. 5). New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Boddey, R. M., J. A. R. Pereira, M. Hungria, R. J. Thomas, and M. C. P. Neves. 1987. Methods for the study of nitrogen assimilation and transport in grain legumes. Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 3:3–22.
   Google Scholar
• Cataldo, D. A., M. Haroon, L. E. Schrader, and V. L. Youngs. 1975. Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 6:71–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, W.-S., H.-I. Lee, and M. Hungria. 2015. Soybean production in the Americas. In Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions, ed. B. Lugtenberg, vol. 2015, pp. 393–400. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• CONAB National Company of Supplying (Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento). 2017. Monitoring of the Brazilian crop: Grains, eigth survey (Acompanhamento da safra brasileira: Grãos, oitavo levantamento. May. 2017, season 2016/2017). http://www.conab.gov.br
   Google Scholar
• de Luca, M. J., M. A. Nogueira, and M. Hungria. 2014. Feasibility of lowering soybean planting density without compromising nitrogen fixation and yield. Agronomy Journal 106:2118–2124. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaker, R., R. Roughley, and I. Kennedy. 2004. Legume seed inoculation technology. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36:1275–1288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, E. 1999. Plants and inorganic nutrients. In Introduction to Plant Physiology, ed. W. G. Hopkins, pp. 61–67. New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Fehr, W. R., and C. E. Caviness. 1977. Stages of Soybean Development. Ames, IA: Iowa State University.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, D. F. 2008. SISVAR: A software for analysis and teaching of statistics (SISVAR: um programa para análises e ensino de estatística). Revista Symposium 6:36–41.
   Google Scholar
• Gan, Y., I. Stulen, H. van Keulen, and P. J. C. Kuiper. 2003. Effect of N fertilizer top-dressing at various reproductive stages on growth, N2 fixation and yield of three soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes. Field Crops Research 80:147–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haissig, B. E., and R. E. Dickson. 1979. Starch measurement in plant tissue using enzymatic hydrolysis. Plant Physiology 47:151–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitholt, J. J., D. Kee, J. J. Sloan, C. T. MacKown, S. Metz, A. L. Kee, and R. L. Sutton. 2007. Soil-applied nitrogen and composted manure effects on soybean hay quality and grain yield. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30:1717–1726. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160701615566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herridge, D. F., and M. B. Peoples. 1990. Ureide assay for measuring nitrogen-fixation by nodulated soybean calibrated by 15N methods. Plant Physiology 93:495–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungria, M. 1994. Metabolism of carbon and nitrogen in nodules (Metabolismo do carbono e do nitrogênio nos nódulos). In Manual of Methods for Studies in Agricultural Microbiology (Manual de Métodos Empregados em Estudos de Microbiologia Agrícola), eds. M. Hungria and R. S. Araújo, pp. 247–283. Distrito Federal, Brasília: Embrapa—SPI.
   Google Scholar
• Hungria, M., R. Campo, L. Chueire, L. Grange, and M. Megías. 2001. Symbiotic effectiveness of fast-growing rhizobial strains isolated from soybean nodules in Brazil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 33:387–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungria, M., R. J. Campo, and I. C. Mendes. 2007. The Importance of the Biological Nitrogen Fixation Process for the Soybean Cop: Essential Component for the Competitiveness of the Brazilian Product (A Importância do Processo de Fixação Biológica do Nitrogênio para a Cultura de Soja: Componente Essencial para a Competitividade do Produto Brasileiro). Londrina, PR, Brazil: Embrapa Soja.
   Google Scholar
• Hungria, M., R. J. Campo, I. C. Mendes, and P. H. Graham. 2006a. Contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to the N nutrition of grain crops in the tropics: The success of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in South America. In Nitrogen Nutrition and Sustainable Plant Productivity, eds. R. P. Singh, N. Shankar and P. K. Jaiwal, pp. 43–93. LLC, Houston, TX: Studium Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hungria, M., J. C. Franchini, J. C. Campo, C. C. Crispino, J. Z. Moraes, R. N. R. Sibaldelli, I. C. Mendes, and J. Arihara. 2006b. Nitrogen nutrition of soybean in Brazil: Contributions of biological N2 fixation and of N fertilizer to grain yield. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences 86:927–939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungria, M., J. C. Franchini, R. J. Campo, and P. H. Graham. 2005. The importance of nitrogen fixation to soybean cropping in South America. In Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture: Forestry Ecology and Environment, eds. D. Werner and W. E. Newton, pp. 25–42. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Hungria, M., and I. C. Mendes. 2015. Nitrogen fixation with soybean: The perfect symbiosis?. In Biological Nitrogen Fixation v.2, ed. F. De Bruijn, pp. 1005–1019. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kaschuk, G., M. Hungria, P. A. Leffelaar, K. E. Giller, and T. W. Kuyper. 2010. Differences in photosynthetic behaviour and leaf senescence of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] dependent on N2 fixation or nitrate supply. Plant Biology 12:60–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, C. A., and L. C. Purcell. 2005. Inhibition of N2 fixation in soybean is associated with elevated ureides and amino acids. Plant Physiology 137:1389–1396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinugasa, T., T. Sato, S. Oikawa, and T. Hirose. 2012. Demand and supply of N in seed production of soybean (Glycine max) at different N fertilization levels after flowering. Journal of Plant Research 125:275–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-011-0439-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, H. T. 1972. Microdetermination of nitrogen in plant tissues. Journal of Association Official Agriculture 55:1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Ou-Lee, T. M., and T. L. Setter. 1985. Enzyme activities of starch and sucrose pathways and growth of apical and basal maize kernels. Plant Physiology 79:848–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, J. D., L. G. Heatherly, and F. B. Fritschi. 2006. Influence of large amounts of nitrogen applied at planting on non-irrigated and irrigated soybean. Crop Sciences 46:52–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedell, W. E., S. L. Osborne, J. G. Lundgren, and J. L. Pikul Jr. 2011. Nitrogen fertilizer management effects on soybean nitrogen components and bean leaf beetle populations. Agronomy Journal 103:1432–1440. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2011.0113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues-Navarro, D. N., I. M. Oliver, M. A. Contreras, and J. E. Ruiz-Sainz. 2011. Soybean interactions with soil microbes, agronomical and molecular aspects. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 31:173–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvagiotti, F., K. G. Cassman, J. E. Specht, D. T. Walters, A. Weiss, and A. Dobermann. 2008. Nitrogen uptake, fixation and response to fertilizer N in soybeans: A review. Field Crops Research 108:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute. 2009. SAS/STAT: User's Guide. Version 9.2. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, 7869 p.
   Google Scholar
• Searle, P. L. 1984. The Berthelot or indophenol reaction and its use in the analytical chemistry of nitrogen. Analyst 109:549–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, S. S., and M. B. Wilk. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality. Biometrika 52:591–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tukey, J. W. 1949. One degree of freedom for non-additivity. Biometrics 5:232–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. 2nd ed., USDA: Washington, 674 p.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, C. R. 1966. Nodulating and non-nodulating soybean isolines: II. Response to applied nitrogen and modified soil conditions. Agronomy Journal 58:46–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zonta, E. P., A. A. Machado, and P. Silveira-Júnior. 1982. Statistical Analysis System—SANEST (Sistema de Análise Estatística-SANEST). Pelotas, RS, Brazil: Universidade Federal de Pelotas.
   Google Scholar