Nitrogen supply determines responses of yield and biomass partitioning of perennial ryegrass to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

References

• Ammerlaan , F.H.M. and de Visser , A.J.C. 1993 . “ Effects of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis and carbohydrate utilisation: Consequences for regrowth of Lolium perenne ” . In Climate Change; Crops and Terrestrial Ecosystems (Agrobiologische Thema's 9) , Edited by: van de Geijn , S.C. , Goudriaan , J. and Berendse , F. 1 – 22 . Wageningen, , The Netherlands : CABO‐DLO .
   Google Scholar
• Bowes , G. 1993 . Facing the inevitable: Plants and increasing atmospheric CO2 . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 44 : 309 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , A.D. , Chadwick , M.J. , Jowett , D. and Snaydon , R.W. 1964 . Experimental investigations into the mineral nutrition of several grass species . J. Ecol. , 52 : 665 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cure , J.D. and Acock , B. 1986 . Crop responses to carbon dioxide doubling: A literature survey . Agric. For. Meteorol. , 38 : 127 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlman , R.C. , Strain , B.R. and Rogers , H.H. 1985 . Research on the response of vegetation to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide . J. Environ. Qual. , 14 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danckwerts , J.E. and Gordon , A.J. 1987 . Long‐term partitioning, storage and re‐mobilization of 14C assimilated by Lolium perenne (cv. Meile) . Ann. Bot. , 59 : 55 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennik , G.C. and Baan Hofman , T. 1983 . Variation in the root mass of ryegrass types and its ecological consequences . Neth. J. Agr. Sci. , 31 : 325 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO . 1994 . FAO Yearbook—Production 1993 Rome, , Italy
   Google Scholar
• Gay , A.P. and Hauck , B. 1994 . Acclimation of Lolium temulentum to enhanced carbon dioxide concentration . J. Exp. Bot. , 45 : 1133 – 1141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudriaan , J. 1993 . “ Carbon cycle and ecosystem productivity on a global scale ” . In Climate Change; Crops and Terrestrial Ecosystems (Agrobiologische Thema's 9) , Edited by: van de Geijn , S.C. , Goudriaan , J. and Berendse , F. 125 – 138 . Wageningen, , The Netherlands : CABO‐DLO .
   Google Scholar
• Goudriaan , J. and de Ruiter , H.E. 1983 . Plant growth in response to CO2 enrichment, at two levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. 1. Dry matter, leaf area and development . Neth. J. Agr. Sci. , 31 : 157 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardacre , A.K. , Laing , W.A. and Christeller , J.T. 1986 . The response of simulated swards of perennial ryegrass and white clover to enriched atmospheric CO2: Interaction with nitrogen and photosynthetic photon‐flux density . N. Z. J. Agric. Res. , 29 : 567 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck , W.W. , Philbeck , R.B. and Dunning , J.A. 1978 . A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system for exposing plants to gaseous air contaminants. Principles, specifications, construction, and operation , New Orleans, LA : Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Idso , K.E. and Idso , S.B. 1994 . Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment in the face of environmental constraints—A review of the past 10 years research . Agric. For. Meteorol. , 69 : 153 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball , B.A. 1983 . Carbon dioxide and agricultural yield: An assemblage and analysis of 430 prior observations . Agron. J. , 75 : 779 – 788 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , S.A. , Mooney , H.A. and Field , C. 1989 . The dependence of plant root:shoot ratios on internal nitrogen concentration . Ann. Bot. , 64 : 71 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morison , J.I.L. and Gifford , R.M. 1984 . Plant growth and water use with limited supply in high CO2 concentrations. II. Plant dry weight, partitioning and water use efficiency . Aust. J. Plant Physiol. , 11 : 375 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Newton , P.C.D. 1991 . Direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide on pasture plants and communities . N. Z. J. Agric. Res. , 34 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , P.C.D. , Clark , H. , Bell , C.C. , Glasgow , E.M. and Campbell , B.D. 1994 . Effects of elevated CO2 and simulated seasonal changes in temperature on the species composition and growth rates of pasture turves . Ann. Bot. , 73 : 53 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojima , D.S. , Dirks , B.O.M. , Glenn , E.P. , Owensby , C.E. and Scurlock , J.O. 1993a . Assessment of C budget for grasslands and drylands of the world . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 70 : 95 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojima , D.S. , Parton , W.J. , Schimel , D.S. , Scurlock , J.M.O. and Kittel , T.G.F. 1993b . Modeling the effects of climatic and CO2 changes on grassland storage of soil‐C . Water Air Soil Pollut , 70 : 643 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ourry , A. , Boucaud , J. and Salette , J. 1988 . Nitrogen mobilization from stubble and roots during re‐growth of defoliated perennial ryegrass . J. Exp. Bot. , 39 : 803 – 809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overdieck , D. 1993 . Elevated CO2 and the mineral content of herbaceous and woody plants . Vegetatio , 104/105 : 403 – 411 .
   Google Scholar
• Owensby , C.E. , Auen , L.M. and Coyne , P.I. 1994 . Biomass production in a nitrogen‐fertilized, tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated levels of CO2 . Plant Soil , 165 : 105 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , D.T. and Flint , E.P. 1990 . “ Implications of increasing carbondioxide and climate change for plant communities and competition in natural and managed ecosystems ” . In Impact of Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases, and Climate Change on Global Agriculture , Edited by: Kimball , B.A. , Rosenberg , N.J. and Allen , L.H. 83 – 110 . Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy .
   Google Scholar
• Poorter , H. 1993 . Interspecific variation in the growth response of plants to an elevated ambient CO2 concentration . Vegetatio , 104/105 : 77 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Prudhomme , M.P. , Gonzalez , B. , Billard , J.P. and Boucaud , J. 1992 . Carbohydrate content, fructan and sucrose enzyme activities in roots, stubble and leaves of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) as affected by source/sink modification after cutting . J. Plant Physiol. , 140 : 282 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riewe , M.E. and Mondart , C.L. 1985 . “ The ryegrasses ” . In Forages—The Science of Grassland Agriculture. , 4th edition , Edited by: Heath , M.E. , Barnes , R.F. and Metcalfe , D.S. 241 – 246 . Ames, IA : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , H.H. , Runion , G.B. and Krupa , S.V. 1994 . Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and the rhizosphere . Environ. Pollut. , 83 : 155 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozema , J. 1993 . Plant responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment—Interactions with some soil and atmospheric conditions . Vegetatio , 104/105 : 173 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryle , G.J.A. , Powell , C.E. and Tewson , V. 1992 . Effect of elevated CO2 on the photosynthesis, respiration and growth of perennial ryegrass . J. Exp. Bot. , 43 : 811 – 818 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenk , U. , Manderscheid , R. , Hugen , J. and Weigel , H.‐J. 1995 . Effects of CO2 enrichment and intraspecific competition on biomass partitioning, nitrogen content and microbial biomass carbon in soil of perennial ryegrass and white clover . J. Exp. Bot. , 46 : 987 – 993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair , T.R. 1992 . Mineral nutrition and plant growth response to climate change . J. Exp. Bot. , 43 : 1141 – 1146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulen , I. and den Hertog , J. 1993 . Root growth and functioning under atmospheric CO2 enrichment . Vegetatio , 104/105 : 99 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Thornley , J.H.M. , Fowler , D. and Cannell , M.G.R. 1991 . Terrestrial carbon storage resulting from CO2 and nitrogen fertilization in temperate grasslands . Plant Cell Environ , 14 : 1007 – 1011 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer , H.G. and van Uum‐van Lohuyzen , M.G. 1986 . “ The relationship between inputs and outputs of nitrogen in intensive grassland systems ” . In Nitrogen Fluxes in Intensive Grassland Systems , Edited by: van der Meer , H.G. , Ryden , J.C. and Ennik , G.C. 1 – 18 . Dordrecht, , The Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• van der Werf , A. , Enserink , T. , Smit , B. and Booij , R. 1993 . Allocation of carbon and nitrogen as a function of the internal nitrogen status of a plant—Modelling allocation under non‐steady‐state situations . Plant Soil , 156 : 183 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , R.T. , Rodhe , H. , Oeschger , H. and Siegenthaler , U. 1990 . “ Greenhouse gases and aerosols ” . In Climate Change. The IPCC Scientific Assessment , Edited by: Houghton , J.T. , Jenkins , G.J. and Ephraums , J.J. 1 – 40 . Cambridge, MA : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar