Changes in growth and nitrogen assimilation in barley seedlings under cadmium stress

References

• Agüera , E. , de la Haba , P. , Fontes , A.G. and Maldonado , J.M. 1990 . Nitrate and nitrite uptake and reduction by intact sunflower plants . Planta , 182 : 149 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslam , M. and Huffaker , R.C. 1989 . Role of nitrate and nitrite in the induction of nitrate reductase in leaves of barley seedlings . Plant Physiol. , 91 : 1152 – 1156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcelo , J. and Poschenrieder , Ch. 1990 . Plant water relations as affected by heavy metal stress: A review . J. Plant. Nutr. , 13 : 1 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boussama , N. , Ouariti , O. and Ghorbal , M.H. 1996 . Cadmium and copper accumulation and influence on nitrate reductase activity in maize (Zea mays L.) . C. R. Soc. Biol. (France) , 190 : 581 – 593 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradford , M.M. 1976 . A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein‐dye binding . Anal. Biochem. , 72 : 248 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brune , A. and Dietz , K.J. 1995 . A comparative analysis of element composition of roots and leaves of barley seedlings grown in the presence of toxic cadmium, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc concentrations . J. Plant Nutr. , 18 (4) : 853 – 868 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell , C.R. and Haug , A. 1982 . Divalent cation inhibition of barley root plasma membrane‐bound Ca2+‐ATPase activity and its reversal by monovalent cations . Physiol. Plant , 54 : 112 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , W.H. and Smarreli , J.J. 1986 . “ Nitrate reductase biochemistry and regulation ” . In Biochemical Basis of Plant Breeding. , Edited by: Neyra , C. 1 – 39 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chugh , L.K. , Gupta , V.K. and Sawhney , S.K. 1992 . Effect of cadmium on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in pea seedlings . Phytochemistry , 31 (2) : 395 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson , D.T. 1986 . “ Regulation of the absorption and release of nitrate by plant cells: A review of current ideas and methodology ” . In Fundamental Ecological and Agricultural Aspect of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants , Edited by: Lambers , H. , Neeteson , J.J. and Stulen , I. 3 – 27 . Boston, MA : Martinus Nijhoff .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , G. , Michaut , J.C. and Morel , J.L. 1994 . Influence of cadmium on water relations and gas exchanges, in phosphorus deficient Lupinus albus . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 32 (l) : 105 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• De Vos , C.H.R. and Schat , H. 1991 . “ Free radicals and heavy metal tolerance ” . In Ecological Responses to Environmental Stresses , Edited by: Rozema , J. and Verkleij , J.A.C. 22 – 31 . Dordrecht, , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Feller , U. 1990 . “ Nitrogen remobilization and protein degradation during senescence ” . In Nitrogen in Higher Plants , Edited by: Abrol , Y.P. 195 – 222 . New York, NY : Research Studies Press LTD .
   Google Scholar
• Greger , M. and Bertell , G. 1992 . Effects of Ca2+ and Cd2+ on the carbohydrate metabolism in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) . J. Exp. Bot. , 43 (247) : 167 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gussarsson , M. , Asp , H. , Adalsteinsson , S. and Jensen , P. 1996 . Enhancement of cadmium effects on growth and nutrient composition of birch (Betula pendula) by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO) . J. Exp. Bot. , 47 (295) : 211 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoff , T. , Stummann , B.M. and Henningsen , K.W. 1992 . Structure, function and regulation of nitrate reductase in higher plants . Physiol. Plant. , 84 : 616 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , W.A. , Flesher , D. and Hageman , R.H. 1973 . Nitrate uptake by dark‐grown corn seedlings. Some characteristics of apparent induction . Plant Physiol. , 51 : 120 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , S.C. , Jones , L.H.P. and Hopper , M.J. 1976 . Cadmium uptake from solution by plants and its transport from roots to shoots . Plant Soil , 44 : 179 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneer , R. and Zenk , M.H. 1992 . Phytochelatins protect plant enzymes from heavy metal poisoning . Phytochemistry , 31 (8) : 2663 – 2667 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupa , Z. and Baszynski , T. 1995 . Some aspects of heavy metal toxicity towards photosynthetic apparatus: Direct and indirect effects on light and dark reactions . Acta Physiol. Plant. , 17 : 177 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuboi , T. , Noguchi , A. and Yazaki , J. 1986 . Family‐dependent cadmium accumulation characteristics in higher plants . Plant Soil , 92 : 405 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , P. A. and Abrol , Y.P. 1990 . “ Ammonia assimilation in higher plants ” . In Nitrogen in Higher Plants , Edited by: Abrol , Y.P. 159 – 179 . New York, NY : Research Studies Press LTD .
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg , S. and Wingstrand , G. 1985 . Mechanism for Cd2+ inhibition of (K++Mg2+) ATPase activity and K+ (86Rb+) uptake in roots of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) . Physiol. Plant. , 63 : 181 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losada , M. and Paneque , A. 1971 . Nitrite reductase. Methods in Enzymology. , New York, NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loulakakis , K.A. and Roubelakis‐Angelakis , K.A. 1996 . The seven NAD(H)‐glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes exhibit similar anabolic and catabolic activities . Physiol. Plant. , 96 : 29 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macnair , M.R. 1993 . The genetics of metal tolerance in vascular plants. Transley Review No. 49 . New Phytol. , 124 : 541 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioni , C. , Gabbrielli , R. , Vangronsveld , J. and Clijsters , H. 1997 . Nickel and cadmium toxicity and enzymatic activity in Ni‐tolerant and non‐tolerant populations of Silene italica Pers . J. Plant Physiol. , 150 : 173 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migge , A. , Meya , G. , Carryol , E. , Hirel , B. and Becker , T.W. 1997 . Coaction of light and the nitrogen substrate in controlling the expression of the tomato genes encoding nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase . J. Plant Physiol. , 151 : 151 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaks , A. 1994 . Efficiency of nitrogen utilization in C3 and C4 cereals . Plant Physiol. , 106 : 407 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouariti , O. , Gouia , H. and Ghorbal , M.H. 1997a . Responses of bean and tomato plants to cadmium: Growth, mineral nutrition, and nitrate reduction . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 35 (5) : 347 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouariti , O. , Boussama , N. , Zarrouk , M. , Cherif , A. and Ghorbal , M.H. 1997b . Cadmium‐and copper‐induced changes in tomato membrane lipids . Phytochemistry , 45 (7) : 1343 – 1350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahlich , E. 1996 . Remarks concerning the dispute related to the function of plant glutamate dehydrogenase . Can. J. Bot. , 74 : 512 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Rauser , W.E. 1995 . Phytochelatins and related peptides: Structure, biosynthesis, and function . Plant Physiol. , 109 : 1141 – 1149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redinbaugh , M.G. and Campbell , W.H. 1991 . Higher plant responses to environmental nitrate . Physiol. Plant. , 82 : 640 – 650 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , S.A. , Slade , A.P. , Fox , G.G. , Phillips , R. , Ratcliffe , R.G. and Stewart , G.R. 1991 . The role of glutamate dehydrogenase in plant nitrogen metabolism . Plant Physiol. , 95 : 509 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedlecka , A. and Krupa , Z. 1996 . Interaction between cadmium and iron and its effects on photosynthetic capacity of primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 34 : 833 – 841 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedlecka , A. , Krupa , Z. , Samuelsson , G. , Öquist , G. and Gardeström , P. 1997 . Primary carbon metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris plants under Cd/Fe interaction . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 35 (12) : 951 – 957 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivasankar , S. and Oaks , A. 1996 . Nitrate assimilation in higher plants: The effect of metabolites and light . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 34 (5) : 609 – 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somashekaraiah , B.V. , Padmaja , K. and Prasad , A.R.K. 1992 . Phytotoxicity of cadmium ions on germinating seedlings of mung bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): Involvement of lipid peroxides in chlorophyll degradation . Physiol. Plant. , 85 : 85 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , H.S. 1992 . Multiple functions and forms of higher plant nitrate reductase . Phytochemistry , 31 (9) : 2941 – 2947 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava , H.S. and Singh , R.P. 1987 . Role and regulation of 1‐glutamate dehydrogenase activity in higher plants . Phytochemistry , 26 : 597 – 610 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulen , I. 1990 . “ Interaction between carbon and nitrogen metabolism in relation to plant growth and productivity ” . In Nitrogen in Higher Plants , Edited by: Abrol , Y.P. 297 – 312 . New York, NY : Research Studies Press, LTD .
   Google Scholar
• Touraine , B. , Grignon , N. and Grignon , C. 1988 . Charge balance in NO3‐fed soybean. Estimation of K+ and carboxylate recirculation . Plant Physiol. , 88 : 605 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez , M.D. , Poschenrieder , Ch. and Barcelo , J. 1992 . Ultrastructural effects and localization of low cadmium concentrations in bean roots . New Phytol. , 120 : 215 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vierstra , R.D. 1993 . Protein degradation in plants . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 44 : 385 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , G.J. 1993 . Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to humanhealth . Adv. Agron. , 51 : 173 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallsgrove , R.M. , Lea , P.J. and Miflin , B.J. 1979 . Distribution of the enzymes of nitrogen assimilation within the pea leaf cell . Plant Physiol. , 63 : 232 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherburn , M.W. 1967 . Phenol‐hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia . Anal.Chem. , 39 : 971 – 974 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weckenmann , D. and Martin , P. 1984 . Endopeptidase activity and nitrogen mobilization in senescing leaves of Nicotiana rustica in light and dark . Physiol. Plant. , 60 : 333 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolhouse , H.W. 1983 . “ Toxicity and tolerance in the responses of plants to metals ” . In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Volume 12C: Physiological Plant Ecology. , Edited by: Lange , O.L. , Nobel , P.S. , Osmond , C.B. and Ziegler , H. 245 – 300 . Berlin, , Germany : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Wray , J.L. and Filner , P. 1970 . Structural and functional relationship of enzyme activities induced by nitrate in barley . Biochem. J. , 119 : 715 – 725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaya , T. , Oaks , A. , Rhodes , D. and Matsumoto , H. 1986 . Synthesis of [15N]glutamate from [15N]H4+ and [15N]glycine by mitochondria isolated from pea and corn shoots . Plant Physiol. , 81 : 754 – 757 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corresponding author (fax #: 216–1 885 480).
   Google Scholar