Microvascular Perturbations in Rats Receiving the Maximum Tolerated Dose of Methotrexate or Its Major Metabolite 7-Hydroxymethotrexate

References

• Mitchell MS, Wawro NW, DeConti RC, Kaplan SR, Papac R, Bertino JR. Effectiveness of high- dose infusions of methotrexate followed by leucovorin in carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res. 1968;28:1088±1094.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee D, Ercikan Abali E, Waltham M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to antifolates, a review. Acta Biochim Pol. 1995;42:457±464.
   Google Scholar
• Niemeyer CM, Gelber RD, Tarbell NJ, et al. Low- dose versus high- dose methotrexate during remission induction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Protocol 81- 01 update). Blood. 1991;78:2514±2519.
   Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Kaplan H, Germain BF, et al. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a ®ve- year prospective multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:1492±1498.
   Google Scholar
• Bannwarth B, Labat L, Moride Y, Schaeverbeke T. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: an update. Drugs. 1994;47:25±50.
   Google Scholar
• Barak AJ, Tuma DJ, Beckenhauer HC. Methotrexate hepatotoxicity. J Am Coll Nutr. 1984:3:93±96.
   Google Scholar
• Zachariae H. Methotrexate side- effects. Br J Dermatol. 1990;36:127±133.
   Google Scholar
• Seideman P, Muller Suur R, Ekman E. Renal effects of low dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:1126±1128.
   Google Scholar
• Chabner BA, Allegra CJ, Curt GA, et al. Polyglutamation of methotrexate: is methotrexate a prodrug? J Clin Invest. 1985;76:907±912.
   Google Scholar
• Donehower RC, Hande KR, Drake JC, Chabner BA. Presence of 2,4- diamino- N10- methylpteroic acid after high- dose methotrexate. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1979;26:63±72.
   Google Scholar
• Slùrdal L, Kolmannskog S, Moe PJ, Prytz PS, Aarbakke J. High- dose methotrexate therapy (6±8 g/ m2) in childhood malignancies: clinical tolerability and pharmacokinetics. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1987;4:33±42.
   Google Scholar
• Bremnes RM, Slùrdal L, Wist E, Aarbakke J. Formation and elimination of 7- hydroxymethotrexate in the rat in vivo after methotrexate administration. Cancer Res. 1989;49:2460±2464.
   Google Scholar
• Breithaupt H, Kuenzlen E. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and 7- hydroxymethotrexate following infusions of high- dose methotrexate. Cancer Treat Rep. 1982;66:1733±1741.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs SA, Stoller RG, Chabner BA, Johns DG. Hydroxymethotrexate as a urinary metabolite in human subjects and rhesus monkeys receiving high dose methotrexate. J Clin Invest. 1976;57:534±538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura S, Nakatani K, Sugihara K, Ohta S. Strain differences of the ability to hydroxylate methotrexate in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1999;122:331±336.
   Google Scholar
• Evans WE, Crom WR, Abromowitch M, et al. Clinical pharmacodynamics of high- dose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia: identi®cation of a relation between concentration and effect. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:471±477. 17.Borsi JD, Sagen E, Romslo I, Moe PJ. Comparative study on the pharmacokinetics of 7- hydroxy- methotrexate after administration of methotrexate in the dose range of0.5±33.6 g/ m2 to children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1990;18:217±224.
   Google Scholar
• Erttmann R, Bielack S, Landbeck G. Kinetics of 7- hydroxy- methotrexate after high- dose methotrexate therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1985;15:101±104.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs SA, Stoller RG, Chabner BA, Johns DG. Dose-dependent metabolism of methotrexate in man and rhesus monkeys. Cancer Treat Rep. 1977;61:651±656.
   Google Scholar
• Lankelma J, van der Klein E, Ramaekers F. The role of 7- hydroxymethotrexate during methotrexate anti- cancer therapy. Cancer Lett. 1980;9:133±142.
   Google Scholar
• Slùrdal L, Kolmannskog S, Prytz PS, Moe PJ, Aarbakke J. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and 7- hydroxy- methotrexate after high- dose (33.6 g/ m2) methotrexate therapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1986;3:127±134.
   Google Scholar
• Smeland E, Fuskevag OM, Nymann K, et al. High-dose 7-hydromethotrexate; acute toxicity and lethality in a rat model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1996;37:415±422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabre G, Goldman ID. Formation of 7- hydroxymethotrexate polyglutamyl derivatives and their cytotoxicity in human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, in vitro. Cancer Res. 1985;45:80±85.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham A, Pati R, Galivan JH, et al. Aldehyde oxidase mediated 7- hydroxylation of antifolates and its therapeutic relevance. Cell Pharmacol. 1996;3:29±34.
   Google Scholar
• Fabre I, Fabre G, Cano JP. 7- Hydroxymethotrexate cytotoxicity and selectivity in a human Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line versus human granulocytic progenitor cells: rescue by folinic acid and nucleosides. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1986;22:1247±1254.
   Google Scholar
• FuskevŒg OM, Kristiansen C, Lindal S, Aarbakke J. Maximum tolerated doses of methotrexate and 7-hydroxy- methotrexate after 8 h infusions in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2000;46:69±73.
   Google Scholar
• Bertino JR. Karnofsky memorial lecture: ode to methotrexate. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:5±14.
   Google Scholar
• FuskevŒg OM, Kristiansen C, Lindal S, Aarbakke J. Leucovorin and maximum tolerated dose toxicity of methotrexate in rats. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. In press.
   Google Scholar
• Bremnes RM, Smeland E, Huseby NE, Eide TJ, Aarbakke J. Acute hepatotoxicity after high- dose methotrexate administration to rats. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1991;69:132±139.
   Google Scholar
• Smeland E, Bremnes RM, Andersen A, et al. Renal and hepatic toxicity after high- dose 7- hydroxymethotrexate in the rat. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;34:119±124.
   Google Scholar
• Pitman SW, Frei EL. Weekly methotrexate- calcium leucovorin rescue: effect of alkalinization on nephrotoxicity; pharmacokinetics in the CNS; and use in CNS non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Treat Rep. 1977;61:695±701.
   Google Scholar
• Stoller RG, Jacobs SA, Drake JC, Lutz RJ, Chabner BA. Pharmacokinetics of high dose methotrexate (NSC- 740). Cancer Chemother Rep Part 3. 1975;6.
   Google Scholar
• Mei Liu H, Maurer HS, Vongsvivut S, Conway JJ. Methotrexate encephalopathy: a neurological study. Hum Pathol. 1978;9:635±648.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Takemura T, Okeda R, Hatakeyama S. Vascular changes of methotrexate- related disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol Berl. 1984;65:145±149.
   Google Scholar
• Gregorios JB, Gregorios AB, Mora J, Marcillo A, Fojaco RM, Green B. Morphologic alterations in rat brain following systemic and intraventricular methotrexate injection: light and electron microscopic studies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1989;48:33±47.
   Google Scholar
• Ettinger LJ. Pharmacokinetics and biochemical effects of a fatal intrathecal methotrexate overdose. Cancer. 1982:50:444±450.
   Google Scholar
• Balis FM, Savitch JL, Bleyer WA, Reaman GH, Poplack DG. Remission induction of meningeal leukemia with high- dose intravenous methotrexate. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3:485±489.
   Google Scholar
• Lippens RJ. Methotrexate, II: use in pediatric chemotherapy. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1984;6:397±413.
   Google Scholar
• Cwikiel M, Eskilsson J, Albertsson M, Stavenow L. The in¯uence of 5-¯uorouracil and methotrexate on vascular endothelium: an experimental study using endothelial cells in the culture. Ann Oncol. 1996;7:731±737.
   Google Scholar
• Pillips MJ, Poucell S, Patterson J, Valencia P. The Liver: An Atlas and Text of Ultrastructural Pathology. New York: Raven; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Hinton RH, Grasso P. Hepatotoxicity. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs T, Syversen T, eds. General and Applied Toxicology, 2. London: Macmillan Reference: 1999:853±891.
   Google Scholar