Morphological and histopathological changes of maternal levetiracetam on the cerebellar cortex of the offspring of albino rat

References

• Chang BS, Lowenstein DH. Epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(13):1257–1266. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löscher W, Potschka H, Sisodiya SM, Vezzani A, Barker EL. Drug resistance in epilepsy: clinical impact, potential mechanisms, and new innovative treatment options. Pharmacol Rev. 2020;72(3):606–638. doi:10.1124/pr.120.019539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsfouk BA. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children exposed prenatally to levetiracetam. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2022;13:13. doi:10.1177/20420986221088419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Helde G, Brodtkorb E. Levetiracetam concentrations in serum and in breast milk at birth and during lactation. Epilepsia. 2005;46(5):775–777. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.54804.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC. Goodman & Gilman’s, the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2011:584–609.
   Google Scholar
• Kirshna K, Raut AL, Gohel KH, Dave B. Levetiracetam. JAPI-OCTOBER. 2011:59. https://www.japi.org/t2c4e474/levetiracetam.
   Google Scholar
• Patsalos PN. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of levetiracetam. Methods find exp. Clin Pharmacol. 2003;25(2):123–129. doi:10.1358/mf.2003.25.2.723686.
   Google Scholar
• Genton P, Van Vleymen B. Piracetam and levetiracetam: close structural similarities but different pharmacological and clinical profiles. Epilepsy Disord. 2000;2(2):99–105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10954241/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzahrani T, Kaya D, Alqahtani SA, Makke Y, Lesky L, Koubeissi MZ. Levetiracetam-induced pancytopenia. Epilepsy pancytopenia. Epilepsy pancytopenia. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2015;4:45–47. doi:10.1016/j.ebcr.2015.06.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Attilakos A, Dinopoulos A, Paschalidou M, et al. Effect of levetiracetam monotherapy on liver enzymes and creatine kinase concentrations in children with epilepsy: a prospective study. J Clin Neurol. 2018;14(4):594–595. doi:10.3988/jcn.2018.14.4.594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiki N, Mikhalidis DP, Nair DR. The effects of antiepileptic drugs on vascular risk factors: a narrative review. Seizure. 2014;23(9):677–684. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2014.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbah WS, Hanafy SM, MAAA A. Biochemical and histological study on the effect of levetiracetam on the liver and kidney of pregnant albino rats. Folia Morphol. 2019;78(4):809–817. doi:10.5603/FM.a2019.0077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter J, Rogawski MA. Antiseizure Drugs. In: Katzung B, Masters S, and Trevor A, eds. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 12th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Education; 2012:409–424.
   Google Scholar
• Paget GC, Barens JM. Toxicity in Evaluation of Drug Activities. Pharmaceutic. London, New York: Lournace and Bacharachai Academic Press; 1964:1–13. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4832-2845-7.50012-8.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, National Research Council, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8th. Washington, DC: National Academy. Press; 2011:11–132. https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Neves EG, Ramos-Perez FM, Freitas DQ, Bóscolo FN, Almeida SM. Radioprotective effect of sodium selenite on developing teeth. Braz Dent J. 2013;24(4):375–379. 6440201302193, indexed in Pubmed: 24173260. doi:10.1590/0103-6440201302193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leary S, Underwood W, Anthony R, et al. AVMA Guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020. Edition[M]. Schaumburg: American Veterinary Medical Association; 2020:82–91.
   Google Scholar
• Suvarna S, Layton C, Bancroft J. Bancroft’s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 8th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2018:40–64.
   Google Scholar
• Bancroft JD, Gamble M. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 5th ed. Churchill Livingston, eds. London: Churchill Livingston; 2002:593–620.
   Google Scholar
• Mould RF. Introductory Medical Statistics. 3rd ed. Bristol: Institute of physics publishing, Dirac house; 1998:196–203.
   Google Scholar
• Meador KJ, Baker GA, Finnell RH, et al. NEAD Study Group. Utero Antiepileptic Drug Exposure: Fetal Death And Malformations. Neurology. 2006;67(3):407–412. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000227919.81208.b2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tural S, Tekcan A, Elbistan M, Karakuş N, Ozyurek H, Kara N. Genotoxic effects of prenatal exposure to levetiracetam during pregnancy on rat offsprings. In Vivo 2015 Jan-Feb; 29(1): 77-81 In Vivo January 2015. ;29(1):77–81. PMID: 25600534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25600534/.
   Google Scholar
• Kweri CK, Kariuki J, Mwangi A, Kanyoni JM, Macharia P. Evaluation of embryonic teratogenic effects on fetal growth and development following prenatal exposure to different doses of levetiracetam in albino rats (rattus norvegicus). J Agric Sci Technol. 2023;22(2):72–82. doi:10.4314/jagst.v22i2.6.
   Google Scholar
• Elgndy IS, Hagag OG, Kholy SM EL, Sarg NA, Farag AAM. A Comparative study of the teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs: lamotrigine and levetiracetam on adult albino rats. Egypt J Forensic Sci Appl Toxicol. 2019;16(Supplement):87–111. doi:10.21608/ejfsat.2016.41640.
   Google Scholar
• Berg KT, Samrén EB, van Oppen AC, Engelsman M, Lindhout D. Levetiracetam use and pregnancy outcome. Reprod Toxicol. 2005;20(1):175–178. PMID: 15808801. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long L. Levetiracetam monotherapy during pregnancy: a case series. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(4):447–448. doi:10.1016/s1525-5050(03)00122-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawhinney E, Craig J, Morrow J, et al. Levetiracetam in pregnancy: results from the UK and Ireland epilepsy and pregnancy registers. Neurology. 2013;80(4):400–405. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarci BC, Sanli A, Gavas S, et al. Effects of in utero exposure to valproate or levetiracetam on the seizures and newborn histopathology of genetic absence epilepsy rats neuroscience letters. Neurosci Lett. 2022;776:136574. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manthey D, Asimiadou S, Stefovska V, Kaindl AM, Fassbender J, Ikonomidou C. Bittigau P.Sulthiame but not levetiracetam exerts neurotoxic effect in the developing rat brain. Exp Neurol. 2005 Jun;193(2):497–503. PMID: 15869952. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudhishma DAS, Ullal SD, Blossom V, Blossom V, Parida A, Noushida N. Levetiracetam exposure during prenatal and postnatal period induces cognitive decline in rat offsprings, not completely prevented by Bacopa monnieri. J Complement Integr Med. 2021 Jul 20;19(4):897–903. PMID: 34284529. doi:10.1515/jcim-2020-0424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Shorbagy HM, Hamdi H. Genotoxic and mutagenic studies of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;8(2):82–88. https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ijpps/article/view/9802/5434.
   Google Scholar
• Abdelaziz SM, Abdelgalil RM, Abdelmohsen SR. Morphological, biochemical, and histopathological effects of levetiracetam on pregnant albino rats and their offspring. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2023;47(4):278–291. doi:10.1080/01913123.2023.2185719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bank AM, Stowe ZN, Newport DJ, Ritchie JC, Pennell PB. Placental passage of antiepileptic drugs at delivery and neonatal outcomes. Epilepsia. 2017;58(5):e82–e86. doi:10.1111/epi.13733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar