Medical Resources and National Homicide Rates: A Cross‐National Assessment

References

• Adler , Nancy E. , Boyce , W. Thomas and Chesney , Margaret A. 1993 . Socioeconomic inequalities in health: No easy solution . Journal of the American Medical Association , 269 : 3140 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , Ronald . 1970 . Medical Care Use in Sweden and the United States: A Comparative Analysis of Systems and Behavior , Research Series No. 27 Chicago, IL : Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia , Jagdish C. 1993 . Levels and causes of maternal mortality in Southern India . Studies in Family Planning , 24 : 310 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowerman , Bruce L. and O'Connell , Richard T. 2007 . Business Statistics in Practice, , 4th ed. , New York, NY : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Brister , J. 1988 . The cooking pots are broken . African Recovery , 1 : 10 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Butchart , Alexander and Engstrom , Karin . 2002 . Sex‐and age‐specific relations between economic development, economic inequality and homicide rates in people aged 0–24 years: A cross‐sectional analysis. . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 80 : 797 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney , Mark . 2003 . The privatization of violence . Criminology , 41 : 1377 – 1406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ferranti , David . 1985 . Paying for Health Services in Developing Countries: An Overview , World Bank Staff Working Papers 721
   Google Scholar
• Doerner , William . 1983 . Why does Jonny Reb die when shot? The impact of medical resources upon lethality . Sociological Inquiry , 53 : 1 – 15 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doerner , William . 1988 . The impact of medical resources upon criminally induced lethality: A further examination . Criminology , 26 : 171 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerner , William G. and Speir , John C. 1986 . Stitch and sew: The impact of medical resources upon criminally induced lethality . Criminology , 24 : 319 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerner , William G. and Lab , Steven P. 1998 . Victimology , Cincinnati, OH : Anderson Publication Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Donabedian , Avedis . 1972 . Models for organizing the delivery of personal health services and criteria for evaluating them . Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly , 50 : 103 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein , Jonathan S. 1993 . The relationship between socioeconomic status and health: A review of literature . Milbank Quarterly , 71 : 279 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmer , Deon and Pritchett , Lant . 1999 . The impact of public spending on health: Does money matter? . Social Science & Medicine , 49 : 1309 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , John . 1991 . Regression Diagnostics , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Galea , Sandro , Ahern , Jenifer and Karpati , Adam . 2005 . A model of underlying socioeconomic vulnerability in human populations: Evidence from variability in population health and implications for public health. . Social Science & Medicine , 60 : 2417 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartner , Rosemary . 1990 . The victims of homicide: A temporal and cross‐national comparison . American Sociological Review , 55 : 92 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacopassi , David J. and Sparger , Jerry R. 1992 . The effects of emergency medical care on the homicide rate: Some additional evidence . Journal of Criminal Justice , 20 : 249 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling , David . 1985 . Thailand's bare‐headed doctors . Modern Asian Studies , 4 : 761 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Gore , Prasanna , Madhavan , Suresh , Curry , David , McClung , Gordon , Castiglia , Mary , Rosenbluth , Sidney A. and Smego , Raymond A. 1999 . Predictions of childhood immunization completion in a rural population . Social Science & Medicine , 48 : 1011 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindaraj , Ramesh , Chellaraj , Gnanaraj and Murray , Christopher J. L. 1997 . Health expenditures in Latin America and the Caribbean . Social Science & Medicine , 44 : 157 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujurati , Damodar . 1995 . Basic Econometrics , 3rd ed. , New York, NY : McGraw‐ Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Hanke , Penelope J. and Gundlach , James H. 1995 . Damned on arrival: A preliminary study of the relationship between homicide, emergency medical care, and race . Journal ofCriminal Justice , 23 : 313 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , Anthony R. , Thomas , Stephen H. , Fisher , Gene A. and Hirsch , David J. 2002 . Murder and medicine: The lethality of criminal assault 1960–1999 . Homicide Studies , 6 : 128 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Hertz , Erica , Herbert , James R. and Landon , Joan . 1994 . Social and environmental factors and life expectancy, infant mortality, and material mortality rates: Results of a cross‐national comparison . Social Science & Medicine , 39 : 10514
   Google Scholar
• Heuveline , Patrick . 2002 . An international comparison of adolescent and young adult mortality . The Annals of the American Academy , 580 : 172 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hojman , David E. 1996 . Economic and other determinants of infant and child mortality in small developing countries: The case of Central America and the Caribbean . Applied Economics , 28 : 281 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff‐Corzine , Lin , Corzine , Jay and Moore , David C. 1991 . Deadly connections: Culture, poverty, and the direction of lethal violence . Social Forces , 69 : 71532
   Google Scholar
• Kalipeni , Ezekiel . 1993 . Determinants of infant mortality in Malawi: A spatial perspective . Social Science & Medicine , 37 : 183 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Kwangkee and Moody , Philip M. 1992 . More resources better health? A cross‐national perspective . Social Science & Medicine , 34 : 837 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , K. Kyu . 1988 . “ Effects of Health Resources on Health Status in Nonmetropo‐ litan Areas ” . Utah State University . Master's Thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Kurian , George Thomas . 1997 . The Handbook of World Rankings , New York, NY : Facts on File, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• LaFree , Gary and Drass , Kriss A. 2002 . Counting homicide booms among nations: Evidence for homicide victimization rates, 1956 to 1998 . Criminology , 40 : 769 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lardelli , Pablo , Blanco , Jose Ignacio , Delgado‐Rodriguez , Miguel , Bueno , Aurora , Dios Luna , Juan de and Galvez , Ramon . 1993 . Influence of socioeconomic and health care development on infant and prenatal mortality in Spain . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 47 : 260 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavitt , Gregory C. 1990 . Relativism and cross‐cultural criminology: A critical examination . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 27 : 5 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , Matthew R. and Bankston , William . 1999 . Political structure, economic inequality, and homicide: A cross‐national analysis . Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal , 19 : 27 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , Ge , Rosenthal , Thomas C. and Horwitz , Mary . 1997 . Physician location survey: Self‐reported and census‐defined rural/urban locations . Social Science & Medicine , 44 : 1761 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long‐Onnen , Jam and Cheatwood , Derral . 1992 . Hospital homicide: An expansion of current theoretical paradigms . American Journal of Criminal Justice , 16 : 57 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Loftin , Colin and Hill , Robert H. 1974 . Regional subculture and homicide: An examination of the Gastil‐Hackney Thesis . American Sociological Review , 39 : 714 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackintosh , D. R. 1978 . Systems of Health Care , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mallows , Colin L. 2000 . Some comments on CP . Technometrics , 42 : 87 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteson , Donald W. , Burr , Jeffery A. and Marshall , James R. 1998 . Infant mortality: A multi‐level analysis of individual and community risk factors . Social Science & Medicine , 47 : 1841 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbizvo , Michael T. , Fawcus , Susan , Lindmark , Gunilla and Nystrom , Lennarth . 1993 . Operational factors of maternal mortality in Zimbabwe . Health Policy and Planning , 8 : 369 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• McIlwaine , Cathy . 1999 . Geography and development: Violence and crime as development issues . Progress in Human Geography , 23 : 453 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner , Steven F. 1989 . Economic discrimination and societal homicide rates: Further evidence on the cost of inequality . American Sociological Review , 54 : 597 – 611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midhet , Farid , Becker , Stan and Berendes , Heinz W. 1998 . Contextual determinants of maternal mortality in rural Pakistan . Social Science & Medicine , 46 : 1587 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moniruzzaman , Syed and Anderson , Ragnar . 2008 . Economic development as a determinant of injury mortality: A longitudinal approach . Social Science & Medicine , 66 : 1699 – 1708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neapolitan , Jerome L. 1994 . Cross‐national variation in homicide: The case of Latin America . International Criminal Justice Review , 4 : 4 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Neapolitan , Jerome L. 1997 . Homicides in developing nations: Result of research using a large and representative sample . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 41 : 358 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann , Aaron K. and Lauro , Patricia W. 1982 . Ethnomedicine and biomedicine linking . Social Science & Medicine , 16 : 1817 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogu , Osita and Gallagher , Mark . 1992 . Public expenditures and health care in Africa . Social Science & Medicine , 34 : 615 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pampel , Fred C. Jr. and Pillai , Vijayan K. 1986 . Patterns and determinants of infant mortality in developed nations . Demography , 23 : 525 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan American Health Organization . 1997 . Health Conditions in the Americas , Scientific Publication No. 561 Washington, DC : PAHO‐WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , Baker and Gesler , Wil . 2000 . Physical access to primary health care in Andean Bolivia . Social Science & Medicine , 50 : 1177 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plog , Fred and Bates , Daniel G. 1980 . Cultural Anthropology, , 2nd ed. , New York, NY : Alfred A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Portetfiled , Austin L. 1960 . Traffic fatalities, suicide, and homicide . American Sociological Review , 25 : 897 – 901 .
   Google Scholar
• Pritchett , Lant and Summers , Lawrence H. 1996 . Wealthier is healthier . Journal of Human Resources , 31 : 841 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich , John A. 2000 . The health of African American men . The Annals of the American Academy , 569 : 149 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root , Graham . 1997 . Population density and spatial differentials in child mortality in Zimbabwe . Social Science & Medicine , 44 : 413 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , Donald , Martorell , Reynaldo and Rivera , Juan . 1993 . Infant mortality rates before, during, and after a nutrition and health intervention in rural Guatemalan villages . Food and Nutrition Bulletin , 14 : 215 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , Joanne , Benett , Richard R. and Danner , Mona . 2008 . Economic assistance and crime . European Journal of Criminology , 5 : 217 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , Ce and Williamson , John B. 1999 . Maternal mortality, women's status, and economic dependency in less developed countries: A cross‐national analysis . Social Science & Medicine , 49 : 197 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , Dwayne M. 2000 . A new era of homicide studies . Homicide Studies , 4 : 317
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 2003, 2005 . Demographic Yearbook , Statistical Office .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme . 2003 . Human Development Reports Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/
   Google Scholar
• Van der Gaag , Jacques and Barham , Tania . 1998 . Health and health expenditures in adjusting and non‐adjusting countries . Social Science & Medicine , 46 : 995 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Doorlaer , E. , Wagstaff , A. and Bleichrodt , H. 1997 . Income‐related inequalities in health: Some international comparisons . Journal of Health Economics , 16 : 93 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , James Q. 1985 . Thinking About Crime , New York, NY : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2003 . World Development Reports Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1998, 2002–2004 . World Health Statistics Annual Geneva, , Switzerland Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://www.nt.who.int/ whosis/statistics/
   Google Scholar
• Zimring , Franklin E. and Hawkins , Gordon . 1997 . Crime Is Not the Problem: Lethal Violence in America , New York, NY : Oxford UP .
   Google Scholar
• Author's Note: I would like to thank Professor William G. Doerner and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this article.
   Google Scholar
• Contact information: Dr. Don Soo Chon, Assistant Professor, Keiser University, Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies, 1700 Halstead Boulevard, Tallahasssee, FL. 32309. Telephone:(850)906–9494. Fax: (850)906–9497. E‐mail: [email protected]
   Google Scholar