When Working Out Works Out: Program Administrators’ Perspectives on Seniors’ Exercise Participation

References

• Acker, K., Pletz, A. M., Katz, A., & Hagopian, A. (2015). Foreign-born care givers in Washington state nursing homes: Characteristics, associations with quality of care, and views of administrators. Journal of Aging and Health, 27(4), 650–669. doi:10.1177/0898264314556618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agahi, N., & Parker, M. G. (2008). Leisure activities and mortality: Does gender matter? Journal of Aging and Health, 20(7), 855–871. doi:10.1177/0898264308324631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agee, A., & Blanton, P. W. (2000). Service providers’ modes of interacting with frail elders and their families: Understanding the context for caregiving decisions. Journal of Aging Studies, 14(3), 313–333. doi:10.1016/S0890-4065(00)08024-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Physical Therapy Association. (2015). Inactivity rates continue to climb among Americans 65 and older. Retrieved from http://www.apta.org/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Baert, V., Gorus, E., Mets, T., Geerts, C., & Bautmans, I. (2011). Motivators and barriers for physical activity in the oldest old: A systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews, 10(4), 464–474. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2011.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balboa-Castillo, T., León-Muñoz, L. M., Graciani, A., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., & Guallar-Castillón, P. (2011). Longitudinal association of physical activity and sedentary behavior during leisure time with health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9(1), 47. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 611–626. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.5.611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankoski, A., Harris, T. B., McClain, J. J., Brychta, R. J., Caserotti, P., Chen, K. Y., … Koster, A. (2011). Sedentary activity associated with metabolic syndrome independent of physical activity. Diabetes Care, 34(2), 497–503. doi:10.2337/dc10-0987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belza, B., Shumway-Cook, A., Phelan, E. A., Williams, B., Snyder, S. J., & LoGerfo, J. P. (2006). The effects of a community-based exercise program on function and health in older adults: The Enhance Fitness Program. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 25(4), 291–306. doi:10.1177/0733464806290934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtson, V. L., & Allen, K. R. (1993). The life course perspective applied to families over time. In P. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm, & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods (pp. 469–504). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, K., Edwards, N., & Caswell, W. (2009). Factors influencing the physical activity of older adults in long-term care: Administrators’ perspectives. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 17(2), 181–195. doi:10.1123/japa.17.2.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, L., Agardh, C. D., & Lindblad, U. (2013). Cardiovascular disease in relation to diabetes status in immigrants from the Middle East compared to native Swedes: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1131. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Buman, M. P., Yasova, D. L., & Giacobbi, P. R. (2010). Descriptive and narrative reports of barriers and motivators to physical activity in sedentary older adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 223–230. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn, F., Dickinson, A., Barnett-Page, E., Mcinnes, E., & Horton, K. (2008). A systematic review of older people’s perceptions of facilitators and barriers to participation in falls-prevention interventions. Ageing & Society, 28(04), 449–472. doi:10.1017/S0144686X07006861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, P. T., Patel, A. V., Newton, C. C., Jacobs, E. J., & Gapstur, S. M. (2013). Associations of recreational physical activity and leisure time spent sitting with colorectal cancer survival. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(7), 876–885. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.9735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caperchione, C. M., Kolt, G. S., & Mummery, W. K. (2009). Physical activity in culturally and linguistically diverse migrant groups to western society. Sports Medicine, 39(3), 167–177. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939030-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau, J. Y., Grunseit, A., Midthjell, K., Holmen, J., Holmen, T. L., Bauman, A. E., & van der Ploeg, H. P. (2013). Sedentary behaviour and risk of mortality from all-causes and cardiometabolic diseases in adults: Evidence from the HUNT3 population cohort. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(11), 737–742. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, M., Austin, P. C., Manuel, D. G., & Tu, J. V. (2012). Cardiovascular risk factor profiles of recent immigrants vs. long-term residents of Ontario: A multi-ethnic study. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 28(1), 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2011.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• City of Toronto. (2011). City of Toronto city planning strategic initiatives, policy & analysis. Retrieved from http://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of%20Toronto/City%20Planning/Wards/Files/pdf/C/CCA_ESC%20NHS%20Profile%202011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• City of Toronto. (2014). Neighbourhood demographics estimates. Retrieved from http://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of%20Toronto/Social%20Development,%20Finance%20&%20Administration/Shared%20Content/Demographics/PDFs/NIA_2014_Profiles/139%20Scarborough%20Village.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Clemson, L., Kendig, H., Mackenzie, L., & Browning, C. (2014). Predictors of injurious falls and fear of falling differ: An 11-year longitudinal study of incident events in older people. Journal of Aging and Health, 27(2), 239–256. doi:10.1177/0898264314546716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. (3rd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dannefer, D. (1984). Adult development and social theory: A paradigmatic reappraisal. American Sociological Review, 49(1), 100–116. doi:10.2307/2095560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot, G. C., & Fagerström, L. (2011). Older adults’ motivating factors and barriers to exercise to prevent falls. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 18(2), 153–160. doi:10.3109/11038128.2010.487113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionigi, R., Fraser-Thomas, J., & Logan, J. (2012). The nature of family influences on sport participation in master athletes. Annals of Leisure Research, 15(4), 366–388. doi:10.1080/11745398.2012.744274
   Google Scholar
• Elder, G. H. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: Perspective on the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 4–15. doi:10.2307/2786971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmslie, K. (2012). Against the growing burden of disease. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.ccgh-csih.ca/assets/Elmslie.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Evenson, K., Buchner, D., & Morland, K. (2011). Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behavior among US adults aged 60 years or older. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9, 110109. doi:10.5888/pcd9.110109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillenbaum, G. G., Pieper, C. F., Choen, H. J., Cornoni-Huntley, J., & Guralnik, J. M. (2000). Comorbidity of five chronic health conditions in elderly community residents: Determinants and impact on mortality. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(2), M84–M89. doi:10.1093/gerona/55.2.M84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischbacher, C. M., Hunt, S., & Alexander, L. (2004). How physically active are South Asians in the United Kingdom? A literature review. Journal of Public Health, 26(3), 250–258. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdh158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, T. R., & McCabe, J. (2008). Future challenges for senior center programming to serve younger and more active baby boomers. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 32(3–4), 198–213. doi:10.1080/01924780802563187
   Google Scholar
• Fleury, J., & Lee, S. M. (2006). The social ecological model and physical activity in African American women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 37(1–2), 141–154. doi:10.1007/s10464-005-9002-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco, M. R., Tong, A., Howard, K., Sherrington, C., Ferreira, P. H., Pinto, R. Z., & Ferreira, M. L. (2015). Older people’s perspectives on participation in physical activity: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015(0), 1–9. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friskin, A. L., Waters, D. L., Hing, W. A., & Keogh, J. W. (2016). Perceptions towards aqua-based exercise among older adults with osteoarthritis who have discontinued participation in this exercise mode. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 35(1), 12–17. doi:10.1111/ajag.12167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., Nelson, M. E., & Tucker, K. L. (2007). Television viewing is associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Hispanic elders. Diabetes Care, 30(3), 694–700. doi:10.2337/dc06-1835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner, P. A., Healy, G. N., Eakin, E. G., Clark, B. K., Dunstan, D. W., Shaw, J. E., … Owen, N. (2011). Associations between television viewing time and overall sitting time with the metabolic syndrome in older men and women: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(5), 788–796. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03390.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennuso, K. P., Gangnon, R. E., Matthews, C. E., Thraen-Borowski, K. M., & Colbert, L. H. (2013). Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and markers of health in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports Exercise, 45(8), 1493–1500. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318288a1e5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, M., Barker, D., & Pühse, U. (2012). Acculturation and physical activity among immigrants: A systematic review. Journal of Public Health, 20(3), 313–341. doi:10.1007/s10389-011-0443-1
   Google Scholar
• Gianoudis, J., Bailey, C. A., & Daly, R. M. (2015). Associations between sedentary behaviour and body composition, muscle function and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. Osteoporosis International, 26(2), 571–579. doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2895-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giele, J. Z., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (Eds.). (1998). Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Glazier, R. H., & Booth, G. L., Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario. (2007). Neighbourhood environments and resources for healthy living a focus on diabetes in Toronto. Toronto, ON, Canada: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.deslibris.ca/ID/217128
   Google Scholar
• Green, L., George, A., Daniel, M., Frankish, J., Herbert, C., Bowie, W., & O’Neill, M. (1995). Participatory research in health promotion. Ottawa, ON: Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y. (1985). Effective evaluation: Improving the usefulness of evaluation results through responsive and naturalist approaches. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, J. A., Chastin, S. F. M., & Skelton, D. A. (2013). Prevalence of sedentary behavior in older adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(12), 6645–6661. doi:10.3390/ijerph10126645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley-Hague, H., Horne, M., Skelton, D. A., & Todd, D. (2016). Older adults’ uptake and adherence to exercise classes: Instructors’ perspectives. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24(1), 119–128. doi:10.1123/japa.2014-0108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne, M., & Tierney, S. (2012). What are the barriers and facilitators to exercise and physical activity uptake and adherence among South Asian older adults: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Preventive Medicine, 55(4), 276–284. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houle, J. L., Brewer, B. W., & Kluck, A. S. (2010). Developmental trends in athletic identity: A two-part retrospective study. Journal of Sport Behavior, 33(2), 146.
   Google Scholar
• Ip, E. H., Church, T., Marshall, S. A., Zhang, Q., Marsh, A. P., Guralnik, J., … Rejeski, W. J. (2013). Physical activity increases gains in and prevents loss of physical function: Results from the lifestyle interventions and independence for elders pilot study. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(4), 426–432. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, R. P., Ainsworth, B. E., Keller, C., & Dodgson, J. E. (2015). Barriers to physical activity among African American women: An integrative review of the literature. Women & Health, 55(6), 679–699. doi:10.1080/03630242.2015.1039184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalavar, J. M., Kolt, G. S., Giles, L. C., & Driver, R. P. (2005). Physical activity in older Asian Indians living in the United States: Barriers and motives. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 29(1), 47–67. http://doi.org/10.1300/J016v29n01_04
   Google Scholar
• Katz, S., & Marshall, B. (2003). New sex for old: Lifestyle, consumerism, and the ethics of aging well. Journal of Aging Studies, 17(1), 3–16. doi:10.1016/S0890-4065(02)00086-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, C. M., Schoot, A. M., Baker, F. A., Barnridge, E. K., & Lemes, A. (2007). The association of sidewalk walkability and physical disorder with area-level race and poverty. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61(11), 978–983. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.054775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, B. (2013). Sports and masculinity. Sport in Society, 16(4), 553–564. doi:10.1080/17430437.2013.785757
   Google Scholar
• King, A. C., Rejeski, W. J., & Buchner, D. M. (1998). Physical activity interventions targeting older adults: A critical review and recommendations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15(4), 316–333. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00085-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups. BMJ, 311(7000), 299–302. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7000.299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koeneman, M. A., Verheijden, M. W., Chinapaw, M. J. M., & Hopman-Rock, M. (2011). Determinants of physical activity and exercise in healthy older adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 142. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl, H. W., Craig, C. L., Lambert, E. V., Inoue, S., Alkandari, J. R., & Leetongin, G.; Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. The Lancet, 380(9838), 294–305. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosma, M., & Cardinal, B. J. (2016). The Transtheoretical model, physical activity, and falls risks among diverse older adults. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 40(1), 35–52. doi:10.1080/01924788.2016.1127051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (p. 3). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, D. W., & Surood, S. (2009). Chinese health beliefs of older Chinese in Canada. Journal of Aging and Health, 21(1), 38–62. doi:10.1177/0898264308328636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, J., Ahmad, N., Hanna, L., Douglas, M., & Hallowel, N. (2006). ‘I can’t do any serious exercise’: Barriers to physical activity amongst people of Pakistani and Indian origin with type 2 diabetes. Health Education Research, 21(1), 43–54. doi:10.1093/her/cyh042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees, F. D., Clarkr, P. G., Nigg, C. R., & Newman, P. (2005). Barriers to exercise behavior among older adults: A focus-group study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 13(1), 23–33. doi:10.1123/japa.13.1.23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liamputtong, P., & Colucci, E. (2008). Doing cross-cultural research. Victoria, Australia: Springer Science and Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Lübcke, A., Martin, C., & Hellström, K. (2012). Older adults’ perceptions of exercising in a senior gym. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 36(2), 131–146. doi:10.1080/01924788.2012.673157
   Google Scholar
• Lutter, J. M. (1994). History of women in sports. Societal issues. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 13, 263–279.
   Google Scholar
• Manson, J. D., Tamim, H., & Baker, J. (2015). Barriers and promoters for enrollment to a community-based tai chi program for older, low-income, and ethnically diverse adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0733464815597315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquez, D. X., Aguinaga, S., Campa, J., Pinsker, E. C., Bustamante, E. E., & Hernandez, R. (2016). A qualitative exploration of factors associated with walking and physical activity in community-dwelling older Latino adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35(6), 664–677. doi:10.1177/0733464814533819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, I. L., Kim, K., Tanner, E., Fried, L. P., & Seeman, T. (2009). Ethnic and class variations in promoting social activities among older adults. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 33(2), 96–119. doi:10.1080/01924780902947082
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Gomez, D., Guallar-Castillón, P., León-Munoz, L. M., López-Garcia, E., & Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. (2013). Combined impact of traditional and non-traditional health behaviors on mortality: A national prospective cohort study in Spanish older adults. BMC Medicine, 22(47), 1–10. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, A. E., Laditka, S. B., Laditka, J. N., Wilcox, S., Corwin, S. J., Liu, R., … Logsdon, R. G. (2010). Older adults’ perceived physical activity enablers and barriers: A multicultural perspective. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 18(2), 119–140. doi:10.1123/japa.18.2.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhate, L., Simek, E. M., Haines, T. P., Hill, K. D., Finch, C. F., & Day, L. (2015). “Are Your Clients Having Fun?” The implications of respondents’ preferences for the delivery of group exercise programs for falls prevention. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. Advance online publication. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215164. doi: 10.1123/japa.2014-0168
   Google Scholar
• Meisner, B. A., Dogra, S., Logan, A. J., Baker, J., & Weir, P. L. (2010). Do or decline? Comparing the effects of physical inactivity on biopsychosocial components of successful aging. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(5), 688–696. doi:10.1177/1359105310368184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minkler, M., & Wallerstein, N. (Eds.). (2008). Community-based participatory research for health: From process to outcomes (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Mo, F., Pogany, L. M., Li, F. C., & Morrison, H. (2006). Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular comorbidity in the Canadian Community Health Survey 2002-2003. The Scientific World Journal, 6, 96–105. doi:10.1100/tsw.2006.13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, L. V., Diez Roux, A., Evenson, K., McGiin, A., & Brine, S. (2008). Availability of recreational resources and low socioeconomic status areas. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(1), 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, M., Van Cauwenberg, J., Hercky-Linnewiel, R., Cerin, E., Deforche, B., & Plaut, P. (2014). Understanding the relationships between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review of qualitative studies. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 1–12. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, Y. (2002). Beyond the hijab: Female Muslims and physical activity. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 11(2), 21–48. doi:10.1123/wspaj.11.2.21
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, Y. (2009). Understanding the challenges of pursuing physical activity. Physical & Health Education Journal, 75(2), 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Newson, R. S., & Kemps, E. B. (2007). Factors that promote and prevent exercise engagement in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 19(3), 470–481. doi:10.1177/0898264307300169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicklett, E. J., Anderson, L. A., & Yen, I. H. (2014). Gardening activities and physical health among older adults: A review of the evidence. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35(6), 678–690. doi:10.1177/0733464814563608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieves, J., Mosner, M., & Silverstein, S. (2012). Osteoporosis. New York State Dental Journal, 78(4), 30–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Rand, A. M. (1996). The precious and the precocious: Understanding cumulative disadvantage and cumulative advantage over the life course. The Gerontologist, 36(2), 230–238. doi:10.1093/geront/36.2.230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rand, A. M., & Henretta, J. C. (1982). Delayed career entry, industrial pension structure, and early retirement in a cohort of unmarried women. American Sociological Review, 47(3), 365–373. doi:10.2307/2094992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldridge, N. B. (2008). Economic burden of physical inactivity: Healthcare costs associated with cardiovascular disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 15(2), 130–139. doi:10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f19d42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollife, J. L., Grewal, S., Bottoroff, J. L., Hislop, T. G., Phillips, M. J., & Dhesi, J. (2009). Connecting masculinities and physical activity among senior South Asian Canadian immigrant men. Critical Public Health, 19(3–4), 383–397. doi:10.1080/09581590902951605
   Google Scholar
• Ollife, J. L., Grewal, S., Bottoroff, J. L., Luke, H., & Toor, H. (2007). Elderly South Asian Canadian immigrant men: Confirming and disrupting dominant discourses about masculinity and men’s health. Family Community Health, 30(3), 224–236. doi:10.1097/01.FCH.0000277765.54784.46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahor, M., Guralnik, J. M., Ambrosius, W. T., Blair, S., Bonds, D. E., Church, T. S., … Williamson, J. D. (2014). Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: The LIFE study randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 311(23), 2387–2396. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.5616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardasani, M. (2010). Senior centers: Characteristics of participants and nonparticipants. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 34(1), 48–70. doi:10.1080/01924780903552295
   Google Scholar
• Pardasani, M., & Thompson, P. (2012). Senior centers: Innovative and emerging models. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 31(1), 52–77. doi:10.1177/0733464810380545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavey, T. G., Peeters, G. G., & Brown, W. J. (2012). Sitting-time and 9-year all-cause mortality in older women. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(2), 95–99. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix, C., Faulkner, G., & Sparkes, A. C. (2005). Athletic identity and self-ageing: The dilemma of exclusivity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(3), 335–347. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2003.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix, C., & Sparkes, A. C. (2006). Young athletic bodies and narrative maps of aging. Journal of Aging Studies, 20(2), 107–121. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2005.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, M., Norris, J., Lobelo, F., Roux, L., & Wang, G. (2014). The cost of physical inactivity: Moving into the 21st century. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3), 171–173. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. (2011). Diabetes in Canada: Facts and figures from a public health perspective. Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/publications/diabetes-diabete/facts-figures-faits-chiffres-2011/chap4-eng.php
   Google Scholar
• Rasinaho, M., Hirvensalo, M., Leinonen, R., Lintunen, T., & Rantanen, T. (2007). Motives for and barriers to physical activity among older adults with mobility limitations. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 15, 90–102. doi:10.1123/japa.15.1.90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. E., Cordeiro, M., & Perryman, E. (2014). Maintenance of physical function in frail older adults. Nursing Clinics of North America, 49(2), 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2014.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogerson, M., & Emes, C. (2006). Physical activity, older immigrants and cultural competence: A guide for fitness practitioners. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 30(4), 15–28. doi:10.1300/J016v30n04_02
   Google Scholar
• Safai, P. (2013). Women and sport policy. In L. Thibault, & J. Harvey (Eds.), Sport policy in Canada (pp. 307–350). Ottawa, ON, Canada: University of Ottawa Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stamatakis, E., Davis, M., Stathi, A., & Hamer, M. (2012). Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults. Preventive Medicine, 54(1), 82–87. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2011). National housing survey. Retrieved from http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=fee133a114b10410 VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2012). Scarborough–Agincourt, Ontario (Code 35093) and Ontario (Code 35) (table). Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2013). Scarborough - Rouge River, Ontario (Code 35083) (table). National Household Survey (NHS) Profile (no. 99-004-XWE). Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2015). Directly measured physical activity of adults, 2012 and 2013. Health fact sheet (no. 82-625-X). Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-625-x/2015001/article/14135-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Thibault, L. (2011). Chapter 18. Sport development and adult sport participation in Canada. In B. Houlihan, & M. Green (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sports development (pp. 240–249). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Toohey, K., & Taylor, T. (1997). Sport provision for women of minority cultures in Australia: Whose responsibility? Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 6(2), 254–264. doi:10.1123/wspaj.6.2.254
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay, M. S., Bryan, S. N., Pérez, C. E., Ardern, C. I., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2006). Physical activity and immigrant status: Evidence from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health Revenue Canadienne De Santé Publique, 97(4), 277–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Health Foundation. (2015). Older Americans are progressing in several key measures but inactivity sees sharp rise. Retrieved from http://www.unitedhealthfoundation.org/News/Articles/Feeds/2015/0520AHRSenior.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Utley-Smith, Q., Colón-Emeric, C. S., Lekan-Rutledge, D., Ammarell, N., Bailey, D., Corazzini, K., … Anderson, R. A. (2009). Staff perceptions of staff-family interactions in nursing homes. Journal of Aging Studies, 23(3), 168–177. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2007.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vertinsky, P., Jette, S., & Hoffman, A. (2009). ‘Skierinas’ in the Olympics: Gender justice and gender politics at the local, national and international level over the challenge of women’s ski jumping. Olympika, 18(2009), 25–56.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan, M., Ammerman, A., Eng, E., Garlehner, G., Lohr, K. N., Griffith, D., … Whitener, L. (2004). Community-based participatory research: Assessing the evidence. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment (Summary), 99, 1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vital Signs Report (2014). Demographics. Retrieved from http://torontosvitalsigns.ca/main-sections/demographics/
   Google Scholar
• Waites, C. (2013). Examining the perceptions, preferences, and practices that influence healthy aging for African American older adults: An ecological perspective. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 32(7), 855–875. doi:10.1177/0733464812446020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., & Beydou, M. A. (2007). The obesity epidemic in the United States—Gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiologic Reviews, 29(1), 6–28. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, D. S., Bursac, Z., Cornell, C. E., Felix, H. C., Fausett, J. K., Krukowski, R. A., … Beck, C. (2011). Lay health educators translate a weight-loss intervention in senior centers: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(4), 385–391. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieland, M. L., Tiedje, K., Meiers, S. J., Mohamed, A. A., Formea, C. M., Ridgeway, J. L., … Sia, I. G. (2015). Perspectives on physical activity among immigrants and refugees to a small urban community in Minnesota. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(1), 263–275. doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9917-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, S., Oberrecht, L., Bopp, M., Kammermann, S. K., & McElmurray, C. T. (2005). A qualitative study of exercise in older African American and White women in rural South Carolina: Perceptions, barriers, and motivations. Journal of Women and Aging, 17(1–2), 37–53. doi:10.1300/J074v17n01_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. H., & Yang, P. S. (2010). Alternative view of health behavior: The experience of older Korean women. Qualitative Health Research, 21(3), 324–332. doi:10.1177/1049732310379238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar