Systemic Racism and Family Therapy

References

• Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, A., Scott, L. M., & Lewis, C. W. (2013). Racial microaggressions and African American and hispanic students in urban schools: A call for culturally affirming education. Interdisciplinary Journal of Teaching and Learning, 3(2), 117–129.
   Google Scholar
• American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. (2020). AAMFT Statement on MFT Responsibility to Counter Racism. https://blog.aamft.org/2020/06/aamft-statement-on-mft-responsibility-to-counter-racism.html June 2020.
   Google Scholar
• American Counseling Association (ACA). (2020). ACA anti-racism statement. https://www.counseling.org/news/updates/2020/06/22/aca-anti-racism-statement. June 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agenor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet, 389(10077), 1453–1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, Z. D., Feldman, J. M., & Bassett, M. T. (2020). How structural racism works – racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(8), 768–773. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2025396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell-Tolliver, L., & Wilkerson, P. (2011). The use of spirituality and kinship as contributors to successful therapy outcomes with African American families. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 30(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2011.542723
   Google Scholar
• Bowens, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 13–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006292033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Preventing adverse childhood experiences: Leveraging the best available evidence. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Chesler, M. A. (1976). Contemporary sociological theories of racism. In P. A. Katz (Ed.), Towards the elimination of racism (pp. 21–72). Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coates, T. (2015). The black family in the age of mass incarceration. The Atlantic, 316(3), 82.
   Google Scholar
• Crosby, S. D. (2016). Trauma-informed approaches to Juvenile justice: A critical race perspective. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 67(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfcj.12052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, W., & Fhagen-Smith, P. (2001). Patterns of African American identity development: A life span perspective. In C. L. Wijeyesinghe & B. W. L. Jackson (Eds.), New perspectives on racial identity development (pp. 243– 270). New York: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Day-Vines, N. L., Wood, S. M., Grothaus, T., Craigen, L., Holman, A., Dotson-Blake, K., & Douglass, M. J. (2007). Broaching the subjects of race, ethnicity, and culture during the counseling process. Journal of Counseling &Development, 85(4), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00608.x
   Google Scholar
• DeGruy, J. (2005). Post traumatic slave syndrome. Joy DeGruy RSS.
   Google Scholar
• Dragomir, R., & Tadros, E. (2020). Exploring the impacts of racial disparity within the American juvenile justice system. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 71(2), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfcj.12165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyer, K. R. (2018). The New Jim Crow Is the Old Jim Crow. Yale Law Journal, 128(4), 1002. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edshol&AN=edshol.hein.journals.ylr128.23&site=eds-live
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney, N., Tadros, E., Pfeiffer, S., & Owens, D. (2020). Clinical implications for multi-racial individuals. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 48(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2019.1709581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A., & Fenton, R. E. (2000). Discrimination distress during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(6), 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026455906512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, D. (2010). Multicultural issues: under representation of culturally different students in gifted education: reflections about current problems and recommendations for the future. Gifted Child Today, 33, 31–35.
   Google Scholar
• Hampton-Anderson, J. N., Carter, S., Fani, N., Gillespie, C. F., Henry, T. L., Holmes, E., Lamis, D. A., LoParo, D., Maples-Keller, J. L., Powers, A., Sonu, S., & Kaslow, N. J. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences in African Americans: Framework, practice, and policy. The American Psychologist, 76(2), 314–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, K. V. (1989). The Theoretical Myth of Sameness. Journal of Psychotherapy & the Family, 6(1–2), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1300/J287v06n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, S., Maynigo, P., Wesley, K., & Durham, J. (2013). African American communities and family systems: Relevance and challenges. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 2(4), 264–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000014
   Google Scholar
• Levy, A. (2016). Hiding in plain sight: The significance of recognizing what is hidden. Clinical Social Work Journal, 44(4), 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-016-0602-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea, K. T., Richards, M., Quimby, D., Scott, D., Davis, L., Hart, S., Thomas, A., & Hopson, S. (2019). Understanding violence and developing resilience with African American youth in high-poverty, high-crime communities. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.12.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf, L. (2017). Solution focused narrative therapy. Springer Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Neblett, E. W., Jr, Philip, C. L., Cogburn, C. D., & Sellers, R. M. (2006). African American adolescents’ discrimination experiences and academic achievement: Racial socialization as a cultural compensatory and protective factor. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798406287072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, D., D’Andrea, M., Dollarhide, C., Ibrahim, F., Shure, L., & Woloch, C. (2020). The counselors for social justice (CSJ) code of ethics revised. Journal of Social Action in Counseling and Psychology, 12(1), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Owens, D., Middleton, T., Redmond, M., & Meniru, M. (2018). Underrepresentation of Black children in gifted education programs: Examining ethnocentric monoculturalism. In J. Cannaday, Curriculum development for gifted education programs (pp. 135–150). IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Owens, D., Simmons, R. W., Bryant, R. M., & Henfield, M. S. (2011). Urban African American men’ perceptions of school counseling services. Urban Education, 46(2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085910377430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, D., Stewart, T., & Queener, J. (2016). Counseling African American males utilizing non-traditional clinical treatment approaches: Black males. In W. Ross (Eds.). African American males: Effective therapeutic interventions and approaches (pp. 1–10). Information Age Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pernice-Duca, F., & Owens, D. (2010). Racial/ethnic socialization messages, social support, and personal efficacy among adolescents. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 23(4), 35–44.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, C., & Carew, J., Pierce-Gonzalez, D., & Willis, D. (1978). An experiment in racism: TV commercials. In C. Pierce (Ed.), Television and education (pp. 62–88). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, E. D., Kazman, J. B., & Deuster, P. (2015). Family functioning and stress in African American families: A strength-based approach. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(2), 144–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798413520451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero, A. J., & Roberts, R. E. (1998). Perception of discrimination and ethnocultural variables in a diverse group of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 21(6), 641–656. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1998.0185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheu, H.-B., Rigali-Oiler, M., & Lent, R. W. (2012). Multicultural counseling self-efficacy scale-racial diversity form: Factor structure and test of a social cognitive model. Psychotherapy Research, 22(5), 527–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.683344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, R. L., Murry, V., McLoyd, V., Lin, K. H., Cutrona, C., & Conger, R. D. (2002). Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 371–393. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579402002109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. A. (2004). Black faculty coping with racial battle fatigue: The campus racial climate in a post-civil rights era. A Long Way to Go: Conversations about Race by African American Faculty and Graduate Students, 14, 171–190.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson, H. C., Jr., Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. (2002). Development of the Teenager Experience of Racial Socialization scale: Correlates of race-related socialization frequency from the perspective of Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 28(2), 84–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798402028002002
   Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W. (2015). Race talk and the conspiracy of silence: Understanding and facilitating difficult dialogues on race. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., Sue, D., Neville, H., & Smith, L. (2019). Counseling the culturally diverse (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Tadros, E. (2019). The Tadros theory of change: An integrated structural, narrative, and solution-focused approach. Contemporary Family Therapy, 41(4), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-019-09502-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros, E. (2021). The Tadros theory of change with incarcerated populations. American Journal of Family Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2021.1929560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros, E. & Durante, K. (2021). Coparenting, negative educational outcomes, and familial instability in justice-involved families. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X211013740
   Google Scholar
• Tadros, E., Durante, K., McKay, T., & Hollie, B. (2021). Coparenting from prison: An examination of incarcerated fathers’ consensus of coparenting. American Journal of Family Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2021.1913669
   Google Scholar
• Tadros, E., & Finney, N. (2018). Structural family therapy with incarcerated families. The Family Journal, 26(2), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480718777409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros, E., & Finney, N. (2019). Exploring the utilization of structural and medical family therapy with an incarcerated mother living with HIV. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(4), 624–640. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X18821825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros, E., Hutcherson, R., & Greene, A. (2021). Advocating for an incarcerated informed lens in therapy. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 65(5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X20975162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros, E., & Owens, D. (2020). Clinical implications for culturally informed counseling with incarcerated individuals. American Journal of Family Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2020.1813659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros, E., Schleiden, C., Jenkins, L., & Aguirre, N. (2020). The experiences of marriage and family therapists working in incarcerated settings. American Journal of Family Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2020.1834469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., & Stanton, A. L. (2007). Coping resources, coping processes, and mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 377–401. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall, M. D., Amendt, J. H., Kleckner, T., & Bryant, R. D. (1989). Therapeutic compliments: Setting the stage for successful therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 15(2), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1989.tb00795.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1197–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7106012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar