Demulsification of crude oil emulsion by capacitative sensor system measurement: introduction to apparatus and methodology

References

• Schramm, L. L. Surfactants: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, I.; Borges, B.; Blanco, R.; Rondón, M.; Salager, J. L.; Pereira, J. C. Breaking of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions. 5. Effect of Acid-Alkaline Additives on the Performance of Chemical Demulsifiers. Energy Fuels 2014, 28, 3587–3593. DOI:10.1021/ef5006918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sabagh, A. M.; Kandile, N. G.; Noor El-Din, M. R. Functions of Demulsifiers in the Petroleum Industry. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2011, 46, 1144–1163. DOI:10.1080/01496395.2010.550595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosayebi, A.; Abedini, R. Using Demulsifiers for Phase Breaking of Water/Oil Emulsion. Pet. Coal 2013, 55, 26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, Y.; Simon, S.; Sjo¨Blom, J. Chemical Destabilization of Crude Oil Emulsions: Effect of Nonionic Surfactants as Emulsion Inhibitors. Energy Fuels 2009, 23, 4575–4583. DOI:10.1021/ef900355d
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirasaki, G. J.; Miller, C. A.; Raney, O. G.; Poindexter, M. K.; Nguyen, D. T.; Hera, J. Separation of Produced Emulsions from Surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes. Energy Fuels 2010, 25, 555–561. DOI:10.1021/ef101087u
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamane, M.; Toyo, T.; Inoue, K.; Sakai, T.; Kaneko, Y.; Nishiyama, N. Aquatic Toxicity and Biodegradability of Advanced Cationic Surfactant APA-22 Compatible with the Aquatic Environment. J. Oleo Sci. 2008, 57, 529–538. DOI:10.5650/jos.57.529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokal, S. L. Crude Oil Emulsions: A State-of-the-Art Review. SPE Prod. Facil. 2005, 20, 5–13. DOI:10.2118/77497-PA
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldszal, A.; Bourrel, M. Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsions: correlation to Microemulsion Phase Behavior. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2000, 39, 2746–2751. DOI:10.1021/ie990922e
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, M.; Grady, B. P.; Harwell, J. H.; Miles, J. A. System and method for measuring separation rate of water from water-in-crude oil emulsions. U.S. Patent 14/802,136, University of Oklahoma and Phillips 66 Co, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, J.; Havre, T. E.; Oschmann, H. J. Monitoring the Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsions by Using Conductivity Measurements. Surfactant Sci. Ser. 2006, 132, 651–662.
   Google Scholar
• Kageshima, K.; Takei, T.; Sugitani, Y. Monitoring the Stability of an Emulsion by High-Frequency Spectroscopy. Anal. Sci. 2003, 19, 757–759. DOI:10.2116/analsci.19.757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengual, O.; Meunier, G.; Cayré, I.; Puech, K.; Snabre, P. TURBISCAN MA 2000: Multiple Light Scattering Measurement for Concentrated Emulsion and Suspension Instability Analysis. Talanta 1999, 50, 445–456. DOI:10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00129-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oschmann, H. J. New Methods for the Selection of Asphaltene Inhibitors in the Field. Spec. Publ.: R. Soc. Chem. 2002, 280, 254–263. DOI:10.1039/9781847550460-00254
   Google Scholar
• Fraden, J. Handbook of Modern Sensors: physics, Designs, and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media: New York, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• M.; Sachan, S.; Sachan, P. Capacitive Sensing & Its Applications. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science 2016, 4, 185–193.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, D. Fdc1004: Basics of Capacitive Sensing and Applications. Application Report: SNOA927. Texas Instruments: Dallas, Texas, USA, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, L. K. Capacitive Sensors: Design and Applications. vol 1 of IEEE press series on Electronics Technology, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Sulakhe, S. P.; Bhagwat, S. S. Synthesis and Properties of a Cationic Surfactant Based on Amidoamine and Glycerol. J. Surfactants Deterg. 2013, 16, 487–494. DOI:10.1007/s11743-013-1436-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedar, V.; Bhagwat, S. S. Effect of Polar Head Surfactants on the Demulsification of Crude Oil. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2018, 36, 91–98. DOI:10.1080/10916466.2017.1405027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velásquez, I.; Sykora, J.; Anton, N.; Pereira, J. C. Tuning of Properties of Alkyl Phenol Formaldehyde Resins in Petroleum Demulsifiers: 1. Emulsion Stability Test. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2017, 35, 1055–1062. DOI:10.1080/10916466.2017.1310882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar