Preparation of arbutin hydrogel formulation as green skin lightener formulation: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

References

• Levy, L. L.; Emer, J. J. Emotional Benefit of Cosmetic Camouflage in the Treatment of Facial Skin Conditions: Personal Experience and Review. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. 2012, 5, 173–182. DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S33860.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• García, C. G. Lesiones de la pigmentación cutánea. Medicine: Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 2010, 10, 3195–3203. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-5412(10)70017-2.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, W.; Gao, J. The Use of Botanical Extracts as Topical Skin-Lightening Agents for the Improvement of Skin Pigmentation Disorders. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 2008, 13, 20–24. DOI: 10.1038/jidsymp.2008.8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue, Y.; Hasegawa, S.; Yamada, T.; Date, Y.; Mizutani, H.; Nakata, S.; Matsunaga, K.; Akamatsu, H. Analysis of the Effects of Hydroquinone and Arbutin on the Differentiation of Melanocytes. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2013, 36, 1722–1730. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tada, M.; Kohno, M.; Niwano, Y. Alleviation Effect of Arbutin on Oxidative Stress Generated through Tyrosinase Reaction with L-Tyrosine and L-DOPA. BMC Biochem. 2014, 15, 23. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertam, I.; Mutlu, B.; Unal, I.; Alper, S.; Kivçak, B.; Ozer, O. Efficiency of Ellagic Acid and Arbutin in Melasma: A Randomized, Prospective, Open‐Label Study. J. Dermatol. 2008, 35, 570–574. DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00522.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polnikorn, N. Treatment of Refractory Melasma with the MedLite C6 Q-Switched Nd: YAG Laser and Alpha Arbutin: A Prospective Study. J. Cosmet. Laser Ther. 2010, 12, 126–131. DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2010.487910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, E. C.; Callender, V. D. Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation: A Review of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options in Skin of Color. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol. 2010, 3, 20–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fong, P.; Tong, H. H. In Silico Prediction of the Cosmetic Whitening Effects of Naturally Occurring Lead Compounds. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2012, 7, 1287–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khezri, K.; Saeedi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Akbari, J.; Rostamkalaei, S. S. An Emerging Technology in Lipid Research for Targeting Hydrophilic Drugs to the Skin in the Treatment of Hyperpigmentation Disorders: Kojic Acid-Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Artif. Cells. Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2020, 48, 841–853. DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1770271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radmard, A.; Saeedi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Hashemi, S. M. H.; Nokhodchi, A. An Eco-Friendly and Green Formulation in Lipid Nanotechnology for Delivery of a Hydrophilic Agent to the Skin in the Treatment and Management of Hyperpigmentation Complaints: Arbutin Niosome (Arbusome). Colloids Surf., B 2021, 201, 111616. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parente, M.; Ochoa Andrade, A.; Ares, G.; Russo, F.; Jiménez‐Kairuz, Á. Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Cosmetic Applications. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2015, 37, 511–518. DOI: 10.1111/ics.12227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitura, S.; Sionkowska, A.; Jaiswal, A. Biopolymers for Hydrogels in Cosmetics: Review. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2020, 31, 50–50. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06390-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K.; Hao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Chen, J.; Mao, L.; Deng, Y.; Chen, J.; Yuan, S.; Zhang, T.; Ren, J.; Liao, W. Functional Hydrogels and Their Application in Drug Delivery, Biosensors, and Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2019, 2019, 1–14. DOI: 10.1155/2019/3160732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, E. M. Hydrogel: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications: A Review. J. Adv. Res. 2015, 6, 105–121. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai, H.; Maibach, H. I. Effects of Skin Occlusion on Percutaneous Absorption: An Overview. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2001, 14, 1–10. DOI: 10.1159/000056328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabeen, S.; Chat, O. A.; Maswal, M.; Ashraf, U.; Rather, G. M.; Dar, A. A. Hydrogels of Sodium Alginate in Cationic Surfactants: Surfactant Dependent Modulation of Encapsulation/Release toward Ibuprofen. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 133, 144–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabeen, S.; Maswal, M.; Chat, O. A.; Rather, G. M.; Dar, A. A. Rheological Behavior and Ibuprofen Delivery Applications of pH Responsive Composite Alginate Hydrogels. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2016, 139, 211–218. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baysal, K.; Aroguz, A. Z.; Adiguzel, Z.; Baysal, B. M. Chitosan/Alginate Crosslinked Hydrogels: Preparation, Characterization and Application for Cell Growth Purposes. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 59, 342–348. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, F.; Goycoolea, F.; Chiappetta, D. A.; Das Neves, J.; Sosnik, A.; Sarmento, B. Chitosan-Grafted Copolymers and Chitosan-Ligand Conjugates as Matrices for Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Int. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 2011, 2011, 1–14. DOI: 10.1155/2011/865704.
   Google Scholar
• Myrnes, E. E. Alginate Gels Cross-Linked with Mixtures of Calcium and Chitosan Oligomers: Effect on Swelling Properties and Leakage from the Gel. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Afzal, S.; Maswal, M.; Dar, A. A. Rheological Behavior of pH Responsive Composite Hydrogels of Chitosan and Alginate: Characterization and Its Use in Encapsulation of Citral. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2018, 169, 99–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatabi, Z. R.; Saeedi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Rahimnia, S. M.; Yazdian-Robati, R.; Hashemi, S. M. H. Green Preparation, Characterization, Evaluation of anti-Melanogenesis Effect and in Vitro/in Vivo Safety Profile of Kojic Acid Hydrogel as Skin Lightener Formulation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2022, 33, 2270–2291. DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2103624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahaiee, S.; Hashemi, M.; Shojaosadati, S. A.; Moini, S.; Razavi, S. H. Nanoparticles Based on Crocin Loaded Chitosan-Alginate Biopolymers: Antioxidant Activities, Bioavailability and Anticancer Properties. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 99, 401–408. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehterami, A.; Salehi, M.; Farzamfar, S.; Samadian, H.; Vaez, A.; Ghorbani, S.; Ai, J.; Sahrapeyma, H. Chitosan/Alginate Hydrogels Containing Alpha-Tocopherol for Wound Healing in Rat Model. J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 2019, 51, 204–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeedi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Akbari, J.; Siahposht-Khachaki, A.; Firouzi, M.; Goodarzi, A.; Abootorabi, S.; Babaei, A.; Hashemi, S. M. H.; Nokhodchi, A. Brain Targeting of Venlafaxine HCl as a Hydrophilic Agent Prepared through Green Lipid Nanotechnology. J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 2021, 66, 102813. DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagher, Z.; Ehterami, A.; Safdel, M. H.; Khastar, H.; Semiari, H.; Asefnejad, A.; Davachi, S. M.; Mirzaii, M.; Salehi, M. Wound Healing with Alginate/Chitosan Hydrogel Containing Hesperidin in Rat Model. J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 2020, 55, 101379. DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahrezaee, M.; Salehi, M.; Keshtkari, S.; Oryan, A.; Kamali, A.; Shekarchi, B. In Vitro and in Vivo Investigation of PLA/PCL Scaffold Coated with Metformin-Loaded Gelatin Nanocarriers in Regeneration of Critical-Sized Bone Defects. Nanomedicine 2018, 14, 2061–2073. DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morteza-Semnani, K.; Saeedi, M.; Akbari, J.; Moazeni, M.; Seraj, H.; Daftarifard, E.; Tajbakhsh, M.; Hashemi, S. M. H.; Babaei, A. Fluconazole Nanosuspension Enhances in Vitro Antifungal Activity against Resistant Strains of Candida albicans. Pharm. Sci. 2021, 28, 112–129. DOI: 10.34172/PS.2021.21.
   Google Scholar
• Morteza-Semnani, K.; Saeedi, M.; Akbari, J.; Hedayati, S.; Hashemi, S. M. H.; Rahimnia, S. M.; Babaei, A.; Ghazanfari, M.; Haghani, I.; Hedayati, M. T. Green Formulation, Characterization, Antifungal and Biological Safety Evaluation of Terbinafine HCl Niosomes and Niosomal Gels Manufactured by Eco-Friendly Green Method. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2022, 33, 2325–2352. DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2103626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeedi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Akbari, J.; Rahimnia, S. M.; Babaei, A.; Eghbali, M.; Sanaee, A.; Hashemi, S. M. H.; Omidi, M. Eco-Friendly Preparation, Characterization, Evaluation of anti-Melanogenesis/Antioxidant Effect and in Vitro/in Vivo Safety Profile of Kojic Acid Loaded Niosome as Skin Lightener Preparation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2023, 34, 1952–1980. DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2201817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashooriha, M.; Khoshneviszadeh, M.; Khoshneviszadeh, M.; Rafiei, A.; Kardan, M.; Yazdian-Robati, R.; Emami, S. Kojic Acid–Natural Product Conjugates as Mushroom Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 201, 112480. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshmand, S.; Yazdian-Robati, R.; Jaafari, M. R.; Movafagh, J.; Malaekeh-Nikouei, B.; Iranshahi, M.; Golmohammadzadeh, S.; Tayarani-Najaran, Z. Evaluation of the anti-Melanogenic Activity of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Containing Auraptene: A Natural anti-Oxidant Agent. Nanomed. J. 2022, 9, 57–66.
   Google Scholar
• Hashemi, S. M. H.; Enayatifard, R.; Akbari, J.; Saeedi, M.; Seyedabadi, M.; Morteza-Semnani, K.; Babaei, A.; Asare-Addo, K.; Nokhodchi, A. Venlafaxine HCl Encapsulated in Niosome: Green and Eco-Friendly Formulation for the Management of Pain. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022, 23, 149. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02299-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges, O.; Cordeiro-da-Silva, A.; Romeijn, S. G.; Amidi, M.; de Sousa, A.; Borchard, G.; Junginger, H. E. Uptake Studies in Rat Peyer’s Patches, Cytotoxicity and Release Studies of Alginate Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Mucosal Vaccination. J. Controlled Release 2006, 114, 348–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.; Hansing, J.; Netz, R. R.; DeRouchey, J. E. Particle Transport through Hydrogels is Charge Asymmetric. Biophys. J. 2015, 108, 530–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, J. P.; Culbert, M. P.; Miles, D. E.; Maude, S.; Wilcox, R. K.; Beales, P. A. Controlling the Self-Assembly and Material Properties of β-Sheet Peptide Hydrogels by Modulating Intermolecular Interactions. Gels 2023, 9, 441. DOI: 10.3390/gels9060441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyissa, Z.; Edossa, G. D.; Gupta, N. K.; Negera, D. Development of Double Crosslinked Sodium Alginate/Chitosan Based Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Metronidazole and Its Antibacterial Activity. Heliyon 2023, 9, e20144. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J.; Mooney, D. J. Designing Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 1–17. DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmin, F.; Franzè, S.; Casiraghi, A.; Cilurzo, F. Spotlight on Calcipotriol/Betamethasone Fixed-Dose Combination in Topical Formulations: Is There Still Room for Innovation? Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 2085. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prusty, K.; Swain, S. K. Release of Ciprofloxacin Drugs by Nano Gold Embedded Cellulose Grafted Polyacrylamide Hybrid Nanocomposite Hydrogels. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 126, 765–775. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghi, M.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Synthesis and Properties of Collagen-g-Poly (Sodium Acrylate-co-2-Hydroxyethylacrylate) Superabsorbent Hydrogels. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2013, 30, 379–389. DOI: 10.1590/S0104-66322013000200015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey, S. C.; Al-Amin, M.; Rashid, T. U.; Sultan, M. Z.; Ashaduzzaman, M.; Sarker, M.; Shamsuddin, S. M. Preparation, Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Chitosan as an Adsorbent for Remazol Red. Int. J. Latest Res. Eng. Technol. 2016, 2, 52–62.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, K. M.; Mallikarjuna, B.; Krishna Rao, K.; Sudhakar, K.; Rao, K. C.; Subha, M. Synthesis and Characterization of pH Sensitive Poly (Hydroxy Ethyl Methacrylate-co-Acrylamidoglycolic Acid) Based Hydrogels for Controlled Release Studies of 5-Fluorouracil. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 2013, 62, 565–571. DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2013.769160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M.; Zhuang, B.; Du, G.; Han, G.; Jin, Y. Curcumin Solid Dispersion-Loaded in Situ Hydrogels for Local Treatment of Injured Vaginal Bacterial Infection and Improvement of Vaginal Wound Healing. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2019, 71, 1044–1054. DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, S.; Singh, S.; Bhattacharya, S. S.; Chattopadhyay, P. Trivalent Ion Cross-Linked pH Sensitive Alginate-Methyl Cellulose Blend Hydrogel Beads from Aqueous Template. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 57, 297–307. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandekar, P. P.; Jain, R.; Patil, S.; Dhumal, R.; Tiwari, D.; Sharma, S.; Vanage, G.; Patravale, V. Curcumin-Loaded Hydrogel Nanoparticles: Application in anti-Malarial Therapy and Toxicological Evaluation. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 99, 4992–5010. DOI: 10.1002/jps.22191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masood, N.; Ahmed, R.; Tariq, M.; Ahmed, Z.; Masoud, M. S.; Ali, I.; Asghar, R.; Andleeb, A.; Hasan, A. Silver Nanoparticle Impregnated chitosan-PEG Hydrogel Enhances Wound Healing in Diabetes Induced Rabbits. Int. J. Pharm. 2019, 559, 23–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang, J.; Theato, P. Smart Composite Hydrogel with pH-, Ionic Strength-and Temperature-Induced Actuation. Soft Matter. 2018, 14, 8401–8407. DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01728j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer, S. K.; Fossati, S.; Morozov, Y.; Mor, D. C.; Jonas, U.; Dostalek, J. Rapid Actuation of Thermo-Responsive Polymer Networks: Investigation of the Transition Kinetics. J. Phys. Chem. B 2022, 126, 3170–3179. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y.-Q.; Chen, W.-R.; Tsosie, J. K.; Xie, X.; Li, P.; Wan, J.-B.; He, C.-W.; Chen, M.-W. Niosome Encapsulation of Curcumin: Characterization and Cytotoxic Effect on Ovarian Cancer Cells. J. Nanomater. 2016, 2016, 1–9. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6365295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boo, Y. C. p-Coumaric Acid as an Active Ingredient in Cosmetics: A Review Focusing on Its Antimelanogenic Effects. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 275. DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dastan, Z.; Pouramir, M.; Ghasemi-Kasman, M.; Ghasemzadeh, Z.; Dadgar, M.; Gol, M.; Ashrafpour, M.; Pourghasem, M.; Moghadamnia, A. A.; Khafri, S. Arbutin Reduces Cognitive Deficit and Oxidative Stress in Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Neurosci. 2019, 129, 1145–1153. DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1638376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelegrino, M.; Weller, R.; Chen, X.; Bernardes, J.; Seabra, A. B. Chitosan Nanoparticles for Nitric Oxide Delivery in Human Skin. Medchemcomm. 2017, 8, 713–719. DOI: 10.1039/c6md00502k.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caon, T.; Porto, L. C.; Granada, A.; Tagliari, M. P.; Silva, M. A. S.; Simões, C. M. O.; Borsali, R.; Soldi, V. Chitosan-Decorated Polystyrene-b-Poly (Acrylic Acid) Polymersomes as Novel Carriers for Topical Delivery of Finasteride. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 52, 165–172. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabar, A. M. Formulation and Characterization of Hydrogel Containing Asiaticoside Fraction for Minimizing Hyperpigmentation. Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University: Kuantan, Pahang, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Kwankaew, J.; Phimnuan, P.; Wanauppathamkul, S.; Viyoch, J. Formulation of Chitosan Patch Incorporating Artocarpus Altilis Heartwood Extract for Improving Hyperpigmentation. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2017, 68, 257–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorbanzadeh, M.; Farhadian, N.; Golmohammadzadeh, S.; Karimi, M.; Ebrahimi, M. Formulation, Clinical and Histopathological Assessment of Microemulsion Based Hydrogel for UV Protection of Skin. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2019, 179, 393–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahant, S.; Kumar, S.; Nanda, S.; Rao, R. Microsponges for Dermatological Applications: Perspectives and Challenges. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 15, 273–291. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akagi, T.; Nagura, M.; Hiura, A.; Kojima, H.; Akashi, M. Construction of Three-Dimensional Dermo–Epidermal Skin Equivalents Using Cell Coating Technology and Their Utilization as Alternative Skin for Permeation Studies and Skin Irritation Tests. Tissue Eng. Part A 2017, 23, 481–490. DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majid, A.; Bae, O.-N.; Redgrave, J.; Teare, D.; Ali, A.; Zemke, D. The Potential of Adaptive Design in Animal Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 24048–24058. DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, M.; Haarmann‐Stemmann, T.; Krutmann, J.; Morita, A. Alternative Test Models for Skin Ageing Research. Exp. Dermatol. 2018, 27, 495–500. DOI: 10.1111/exd.13519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar