References
- American Hippotherapy Association, Inc. (2015). Hippotherapy treatment principles. Level I manual (5th ed.). Denver, CO: American Hippotherapy Association, Inc.
- Aruin, A. S., Almeida, G. L., & Latasch, M. L. (1996). Organization of a simple two-joint synergy in individuals with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 101(3), 256–268.
- Casady, R. L., & Nichols-Larsen, D. S. (2004). The effect of hippotherapy on ten children with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 16(3), 165–172. doi: 10.1097/01.PEP.0000136003.15233.0C
- Champagne, D., Corriveau, H., & Dugas, C. (2017). Effect of hippotherapy on motor proficiency and function in children with cerebral palsy who walk. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 37(1), 51–63. doi: 10.3109/01942638.2015.1129386
- Champagne, D., & Dugas, C. (2010). Improving gross motor function and postural control with hippotherapy in children with Down syndrome: Case reports. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 26(8), 564–571. doi: 10.3109/09593981003623659
- Copetti, F., Mota, C. B., Graup, S., Menezes, K. M., & Venturini, E. B. (2007). Angular kinematics of the gait of children with Down’s syndrome after intervention with hippotherapy. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia, 11(6), 503–507.
- de Freitas Costa, V., da Silva, H., de Azevêdo, M., da Silva, A., Cabral, L., & de França Barros, J. (2017). Effect of hippotherapy in the global motor coordination in individuals with Down Syndrome. Fisioterapia em Movimento, 30(Suppl. 1), S229–S240. doi: 10.1590/1980-5918.030.s01.ao22
- Engel, B. T. (1997). Therapeutic riding II: Strategies for rehabilitation. Durango, CO: Barbara Engel Therapy Services.
- Encheff, J., Armstrong, C., Masterson, M., Fox, C., & Gribble, P. (2012). Hippotherapy effects on trunk, pelvic, and hip motion during ambulation in children with neurological impairments. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 24(3), 242–250. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0b013e31825c1dc3
- Fleck, C. A. (1992). Hippotherapy: Mechanics of human walking and horseback riding. In B. T. Engel (Ed.), Rehabilitation with the aid of the horse: A collection of studies (pp. 153–176). Durango, CO: Barbara Engel Therapy Services.
- Freeman, G. (1984). Hippotherapy: Therapeutic horseback riding. Clinical Management of Physical Therapy, 4, 20–25.
- Galli, M., Albertini, G., Crivellini, M., & Tenore, N. (2001). Gait analysis in children with Down syndrome. Progress Report-Intern Review of Medical Science, 13, 21–28.
- Galli, M., Rigoldi, C., Brunner, R., Virji-Babul, N., & Giorgio, A. (2008). Joint stiffness and gait pattern evaluation in children with Down syndrome. Gait & Posture, 28(3), 502–506. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.03.001
- Garner, B., & Rigby, B. (2015). Human pelvis motions when walking and when riding a therapeutic horse. Human Movement Science, 39, 121–137. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.06.011
- Gentile, A. M. (2000). Skill acquisition: Action, movement, and the neuromotor processes. In J. H. Carr, and R. D. Shepherd (Eds), Movement science foundations for physical therapy (2nd ed., pp. 111–187). Rockville, MD: Aspen.
- Heine, B. (1997). Hippotherapy. A multisystem approach to the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Australian Physiotherapy, 43(2), 145–149. doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60407-5
- Ko, J., & Kim, M. (2013). Reliability and responsiveness of the Gross Motor Function Measure-8 in children with cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy, 93(3), 393–400.
- Kwon, J.-Y., Chang, H. J., Yi, S.-H., Lee, J. Y., Shin, H.-Y., & Kim, Y.-H. (2015). Effect of hippotherapy on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(1), 15–21. doi: 10.1089/acm.2014.0021
- Kwon, J.-Y., Chang, H. J., Lee, J. Y., Ha, Y., Lee, P. K., & Kim, Y.-H. (2011). Effects of hippotherapy on gait parameters in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(5), 774–779. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.11.031
- Liddiard, J. Take the Reins client response record form. Unpublished measure. Take the Reins, Western Australia.
- Llambia, C. (2013). Effects of hippotherapy on the motivation and social interaction/social communication for children with autism spectrum disorders (Unpublished Master’s thesis). University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
- McGee, M., & Reese, N. (2009). Immediate effects of a hippotherapy session on gait parameters in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 21(2), 212–218. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0b013e3181a39532
- McGibbon, N. H., Andrade, C.-K., Widener, G., & Cintas, H. L. (1998). Effect of an equine-movement therapy program on gait, energy expenditure and motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy: A pilot study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 40, 754–762.
- McGibbon, N. H., Benda, W., Duncan, B. R., & Silkwood-Sherer, D. (2009). Immediate and long-term effects of hippotherapy on symmetry of adductor muscle activity and functional ability in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 90(6), 966–974. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.01.011
- Moriello, G., Frear, M., & Seaburg, K. (2009). The recovery of running ability in an adolescent male post traumatic brain injury: A case report. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 33(2), 111–120. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181a6ab6b
- Naito, M., Aoki, S., Kamide, A., Miyamura, K., Honda, M., Nagai, A., … Hashimoto, K. (2015). Gait analysis in Down syndrome pediatric patients using a sheet-type gait analyzer: Pilot study. Pediatrics International, 57(5), 860–863.
- Palisano, R. J., Walter, S. D., Russel, D. J., Rosenbaum, P. L., Gèmus, M., Galuppi, B. E., & Cunningham, L. (2001). Gross motor function of children with Down syndrome: Creation of motor growth curves. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 82(4), 494–500. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.21956
- Park, E. S., Rha, D.-W., Shin, J. S., Kim, S., & Jung, S. (2014). Effects of hippotherapy on gross motor function and functional performance of children with cerebral palsy. Yonsei Medical Journal, 55(6), 1736–1742. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1736
- Parker, A. W., & Bronks, R. (1980). Gait of children with Down syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 61(8), 345–351.
- Pimentel, R., Sauer, C., & Carollo, J. (2017). Validation of gait cycle timing using wearable sensors in individuals with cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(10), e129–130. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.08.421
- Riede, D. (1988). Physiotherapy on the horse. Renton, WA: Delta Society.
- Rigby, B., & Grandjean, P. (2016). The efficacy of equine-assisted activities and therapies on improving physical function. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22(1), 9–24. doi: 10.1089/acm.2015.0171
- Russell, D., Palisano, R., Walter, S., Rosenbaum, P., Gemus, M., Gowland, C., … Dip, M. L. (2008). Evaluating motor function in children with Down syndrome: Validity of the GMFM. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 40(10), 693–701. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb12330.x
- Russell, D. J., Rosenbaum, P. L., Wright, M., & Avery, L. M. (2013). Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66 and GMFM-88) user's manual (2nd ed.). London: Mac Keith Press.
- Schäfer, D., & Pannek, J. (2009). Measurement of pelvic floor function during physical activity: A feasibility study. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 43(4), 315–318. doi: 10.1080/00365590902925022
- Silkwood-Sherer, D., Killian, C., Long, T., & Martin, K. (2012). Hippotherapy-An intervention to habilitate balance deficits in children with movement disorders: A clinical trial. Physical Therapy, 92(5), 707–717. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20110081
- Strauss, I. (1995). Hippotherapy: Neurophysiological therapy on the horse. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Therapeutic Riding Association.
- Whalen, C. N., & Case-Smith, J. (2011). Therapeutic effects of horseback riding therapy on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 32(3), 229–242. doi: 10.3109/01942638.2011.619251
- Uchiyama, H., Ohtani, N., & Ohta, M. (2011). Three-dimensional analysis of horse and human gaits in therapeutic riding. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 135(4), 271–276. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.10.024
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. (2014). Child Health USA. Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.