Using Social Capital to Help Integrate Planning Theory, Research, and Practice: Preface

References

• Putnam , R. 1995 . Bowling alone: America's declining social capital . Journal of Democracy , 6 : 65 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Banfield , E. 1968 . The unheavenly city. , Boston : Little, Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Bates , T. 1997 . Race, self-employment, and upward mobility. , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , G. S. 1993 . Human capital, , 3rd ed , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . [1964]
   Google Scholar
• Becker , G. S. 1996 . Accounting for tastes. , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bian , Y. Family social capital in urban China: A network measurement . Paper presented at Sociology Department colloquium . Los Angeles : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Bian , Y. 2001b . “ Guanxi capital and social eating in Chinese cities: Theoretical models and empirical analyses ” . In Social capital: Theory and research , Edited by: Lin , N. , Cook , K. S. and Burt , R. 275 – 296 . New York : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1979a . La distinction: Critique sociale du jugement. , Paris : Editions de Minuit .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1979b . Les trois etats du capital cuturel . Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales , 30 : 3 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1986 . “ The forms of capital ” . In Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education , Edited by: Richardson , J. G. 241 – 260 . New York : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Borocz , J. and Southworth , C. 1996 . Decomposing the intellectuals's class power: Conversion of cultural capital to income in Hungary, 1986 . Social Forces , 74 : 797 – 821 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles , S. 1999 . Social capital and community governance . Focus , 20 : 6 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker , R. 1985 . Rethinking classical theory: The sociological vision of Pierre Bourdieu . Theory and Society , 14 : 745 – 775 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. S. 1988 . Social capital in the creation of human capital . American Journal of Sociology , 94 : 95 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counts , A. 1996 . Give us credit. , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , B. H. 1996 . Culture, class, and connections . American Journal of Sociology , 102 : 217 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkas , G. 1996 . Human capital or cultural capital? , Hawthorne, NY : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Kelly , M. P. 1995 . “ Social and cultural capital in the urban ghetto: Implications for the economic sociology of immigration ” . In The economic sociology of immigration , Edited by: Portes , A. 213 – 247 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Hanifan , L. J. 1920 . The community center. , Boston : Silver, Burdett .
   Google Scholar
• Immergluck , D. 1999 . Intrametropolitan patterns of small-business lending . Urban Affairs , 34 : 787 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. 1961 . The death and life of great American cities. , New York : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Johannisson , B. A tripolar model of new-venture capitalising: Financial, human and social capital . Paper presented at the nth Nordic Conference on Small Business Research . Aarhus, Denmark. June 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Knack , S. and Keefer , P. 1997 . Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross country investigation . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 112 : 1253 – 1287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichter , M. I. and Oliver , M. L. 2002 . “ Racial differences in labor force participation and long-term joblessness among less educated men ” . In Prismatic metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles , Edited by: Oliver , M. I. 220 – 248 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Light , I. 1972 . Ethnic enterprise in America. , Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Light , I. and Gold , S. 2000 . Ethnic economies. , San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , N. 1999 . Social networks and status attainment . Annual Review of Sociology , 25 : 467 – 487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , N. 2001 . Social capital. , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , D. S. 1999 . “ Why does immigration occur? A theoretical synthesis ” . In The handbook of international migration , Edited by: Hirschman , C. , Kasinitz , P. and DeWind , J. 34 – 52 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , S. L. and Sorensen , A. B. 1999 . Parental networks, social closure, and mathematics learning: A test of Coleman's social capital explanation of school effects . American Sociological Review , 64 : 633 – 782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nee , V. and Sanders , J. 2001 . “ Trust in ethnic ties: Social capital and Immigrants ” . In Trust in society , Edited by: Cook , K. S. 374 – 392 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Portes , A. 1998 . Social capital: Its origins and applications in contemporary sociology . Annual Review of Sociology , 24 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 2001 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. , New York : Touchstone .
   Google Scholar
• Swanstrom , T. , Dreier , P. and Mollenkopf , J. 2002 . Economic inequality and public policy: The power of place . City and Community , 1 : 349 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Synghal , S. 1994 . How in the world can we lend to the poor? A case study of group lending among the urban poor in the U.S. , Doctoral dissertation Boston University .
   Google Scholar
• Tocqueville , A. 1966 . Democracy in America , Edited by: Mayer , J. P. New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant , L. 1998 . “ Pierre Bourdieu ” . In Key sociological thinkers , Edited by: Stone , R. 1 – 24 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Woolcock , M. 1998 . Social capital and economic development . Theory and Society , 27 : 151 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo , J.-K. 2000 . Utilization of social networks for immigrant entre-preneurship: A case study of Korean immigrants in the Atlanta area . International Review of Sociology , 10 : 347 – 363 .
   Google Scholar
• Yunus , M. and Jolis , A. 1998 . Banker to the poor. , London : Aurum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zhou , M. and Bankston , C. L. 1998 . Growing up American: How Vietnamese children adapt to life in the United States. , New York : Russell Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , S. , Field , J. and Schuller , T. , eds. 2000 . Social capital: Critical perspectives. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , X. dS. 1998a . Brown kids in white suburbs: Housing mobility and the many faces of social capital . Housing Policy Debate , 9 ( 1 ) : 177 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs , X. dS. 1998b . Doing democracy up close: Culture, power, and communication in community building . Journal of Planning Education and Research , 18 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs , X. , ed. 2003a . Bridging networks, social capital, and racial segregation in America , Cambridge, MA : John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University . (Faculty research working paper #RWP02–011)
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , X. 2003b . “ Social capital, types of ” . In The encyclopedia of community: From the village to the virtual world , Edited by: Christensen , K. and Levinson , D. Vol. 3 , 1277 – 1283 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , X dS. , Miller , A. and Shapiro , J. 1996 . Planning for community building: CCRP in the South Bronx , 17 AICP Planners's Casebook .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , X dS. , Mueller , E. R. and Sullivan , M. L. 1997 . From neighborhood to community: Evidence on the social effects of community development. , New York : Community Development Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Chaskin , R. , Brown , P. , Venkatesh , S. A. and Vidal , A. 2001 . Building community capacity. , New York : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• DeFilippis , J. 2002 . Symposium on social capital . Antipode , 34 ( 4 ) : 790 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , S. 1999 . Beyond housing: The comprehensive community revitalization program in the South Bronx http://ksgcase.harvard.edu/case.htm?PID=1553(Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government Case Program, Case #1553.0). Retrieved January 5, 2004, from
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , B. , Foley , M. and Diani , M. 2001 . Beyond Tocqueville: Civil society and the social capital debate in comparative perspective. , Hanover, NH : University Press of New England .
   Google Scholar
• Foley , M. and Edwards , B. 1999 . Is it time to disinvest in social capital? . Journal of Public Policy , 19 : 141 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Fung , A. 2003 . Associations and democracy: Between theories, hopes, and realities . Annual Review of Sociology , 29 : 515 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittell , R. and Vidal , A. 1998 . Community organizing: Social capital as a development strategy. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Goetz , E. and Sidney , M. 1994 . Revenge of the property owners: Community development and the politics of property . Journal of Urban Affairs , 16 ( 4 ) : 319 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes , L. , Schwartz , A. , Vidal , A. and Bratt , R. 1996 . Networks and nonprofits: Opportunities and challenges in an era of devolution . Housing Policy Debate , 7 ( 2 ) : 201 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsley , G. T. , McNeely , J. and Gibson , J. 1997 . Community building: Coming of age. , Washington, DC : Urban Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Park , R. E. , Burgess , E. W. and McKenzie , R. D. 1925 . The city. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Portes , A. 1998 . Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology . Annual Review of Sociology , 24 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 2000 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 2002 . Democracies in flux: The evolution of social capital in contemporary societies. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saguaro Seminar on Civic Engagement in America . 2000 . Better together. http://www.bettertogether.org/thereport.htmRetrieved October 2003 from
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. , Raudenbush , S. and Earls , F. 1997 . Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multi-level study of collective efficacy . Science , 277 ( 5328 ) : 918 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandercock , L. 1998 . Towards cosmopolis: Planning for multicultural cities. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Sirianni , C. and Friedland , L. 2001 . Civic innovation in America: Community empowerment, public policy, and the movement for civic renewal. , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stack , C. B. 1974 . All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community. , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Trice , H. and Beyer , J. 1993 . The cultures of work organizations. , Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , B. 2001 . Physical place and cyberplace: The rise of networked individualism . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 25 ( 2 ) : 227 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs , X. dS. 1998 . Brown kids in White suburbs: Housing mobility and the many faces of social capital . Housing Policy Debate , 9 ( 1 ) : 177 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. 1988 . Social capital in the creation of human capital . American Journal of Sociology (Supplement) , 94 : S95 – S120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , R. F. and Stoutland , W. 1999 . “ Preconceiving the community development field ” . In Urban problems and community development , Edited by: Ferguson , R. F. and Dickens , W. T. 473 – 509 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gittell , R. and Vidal , A. C. 1998 . Community organizing: Building social capital as a development strategy. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter , M. S. 1973 . The strength of weak ties . American Journal of Sociology , 78 : 1360 – 1380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halprin , R. 1995 . Rebuilding the inner city: A history of neighborhood initiatives to address poverty in the United States. , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keyes , L. , Schwartz , A. , Vidal , A. and Bratt , R. 1996 . Networks and non-profits: Opportunities and challenges in an era of federal revolution . Housing Policy Debate , 7 ( 2 ) : 21 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna , A. and Shrader , E. Social capital assessment tool . Paper presented at the Conference on Social Capital and Poverty Reduction . Washington, DC. June .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , N. 2001 . Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marsden , P. and Lin , N. 1982 . Social structure and network analysis. , Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 1993 . The prosperous community: Social capital and public life . The American Prospect , 13 : 35 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 1995 . Bowling alone: America's declining social capital . Journal of Democracy , 6 : 65 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 2000 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. , New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Rohe , W. and Gates , L. 1985 . Planning with neighborhoods. , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rohe , W. and Mouw , S. 1991 . The politics of relocation: The moving of the Crest Street community . Journal of the American Planning Association , 57 : 57 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , H. and Rubin , I. 1986 . Community organizing and development. , Columbus, OH : Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Saguaro Seminar on Civic Engagement in America. 2003 . The social capital community benchmark survey. www.cfsv.org/communitysurvey/faqs.htmlRetrieved November 2003, from
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. , Raudenbush , S. and Earls , F. 1997 . Neighborhoods in violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy . Science , 277 : 918 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temkin , K. and Rohe , W. 1998 . Social capital and neighborhood stability: An empirical investigation . Housing Policy Debate , 9 ( 1 ) : 61 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , R. L. 1963 . The community in America. , Chicago : Rand McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman , S. and Galaskiewicz , J. 1994 . Advances in social network analysis. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. Q. 1975 . Thinking about crime. , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , X. dS. 1998 . Brown kids in White suburbs: Housing mobility and the multiple faces of social capital . Housing Policy Debate , 9 ( 1 ) : 177 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaskin , R. J. , Brown , P. , Venkatesh , S. and Vidal , A. C. 2001 . Building community capacity , Amsterdam : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , R. F. 1999 . “ Conclusion: Social science research, urban problems, and community development alliances ” . In Urban problems and community development , Edited by: Ferguson , R. F. and Dickens , W. T. 569 – 610 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , R. F. and Dickens , W. T. 1999 . “ Introduction ” . In Urban problems and community development , Edited by: Ferguson , R. F. and Dickens , W. T. 1 – 32 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez , R. M. and Harris , D. 1992 . “ Social isolation and the underclass ” . In Drugs, crime and social opportunity: Barriers to urban opportunity , Edited by: Harrell , A. V. and Peterson , G. E. 257 – 293 . Washington, DC : Urban Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gittell , R. and Vidal , A. C. 1998 . Community organizing: Building social capital as a development strategy , Twelve Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter , M. S. 1973 . The strength of weak ties . American Journal of Sociology , 78 ( 6 ) : 1360 – 1380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grooteart , C. 1998 . Social capital: The missing link? , Washington, DC : The World Bank . (Social Capital Initiative Working Paper)
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. 1961 . The death and life of great American cities , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Jargowsky , P. A. 1997 . Poverty and place: Ghettos, barrios, and the American city , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Littell , J. and Wynn , J. 1989 . The availability and use of community resources for young adolescents in an inner city and a suburban community , Chicago : Chapin Hall Center for Children, University of Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Stack , C. B. 1974 . All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , C. , Doherty , K. , Jones , C. and Ross , T. 1999 . “ Schools and disadvantaged neighborhoods: The community development challenge ” . In Urban problems and community development , Edited by: Ferguson , R. F. and Dickens , W. T. 339 – 381 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vidal , A. C. 1995 . Reintegrating disadvantaged communities into the fabric of urban life: The role of community development . Housing Policy Debate , 6 ( 1 ) : 169 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal , A. C. 2002 . “ Housing and community development ” . In The state of the nonprofit sector , Edited by: Salamon , L. 210 – 239 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. J. 1987 . The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ball-Rokeach , S. J. , Gibbs , J. , Hoyt , E. G. , Jung , J. Y. , Kim , Y. C. , Matei , S. , Wilson , M. , Yuan , Y. and Zhang , L. 2001 . The challenge of belonging in the 21st century: The case of Los Angeles , University of Southern California, Annen-berg Center for Communication . (Metamorphosis Project White Paper No. 1)
   Google Scholar
• Barajas , Y. and Hiyake , K. 1998 . “ We can make a change! Promoting neighborhood safety through community participation ” . In Building on the vision, Vol. III: Comprehensive project , Edited by: Loukaitou-Sideris , A. and Hutchinson , J. vi – vii . 28 Los Angeles : UCLA, Department of Urban Planning .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , X. dS. and Mueller , E. 1997 . From neighborhood to community: Evidence on the social effects of community development. , New York : New School for Social Research, Community Development Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Christenson , J. A. and Robinson , J. W. J. 1980 . “ In search of community development ” . In Community development in America , Edited by: Christenson , J. A. and Robinson , J. W. J. 3 – 17 . Ames : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. S. 1988 . Social capital in the creation of human capital . American Journal of Sociology , July 15 : 95 – 120 . (Supplement)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , C. 1982 . To dwell among friends: Personal networks in town and city. , Chicago : Chicago University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama , F. 1995 . Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geis , K. J. and Ross , C. E. 1998 . A new look at urban alienation: The effect of neighborhood disorder on perceived powerlessness . Social Psychology Quarterly , 61 : 232 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittell , R. and Vidal , A. 1998 . Community organizing: Building social capital as a development strategy: , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter , M. 1973 . The strength of weak ties . American Journal of Sociology , 78 : 1360 – 1380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grootaert , C. 1998 . Social capital: The missing link? , Washington, DC : The World Bank, Social Development Family .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , J. 1999 . Propinquity without community: A study in social capital, survival networks, and community building in the Pico Union area of Los Angeles. , UCLA . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. 1961 . The death and life of great American cities. , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Lavrakas , P. J. 1981 . Factors related to citizen involvement in personal, household, and neighborhood anti-crime measures: An executive summary , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Light , I. and Bhachu , P. , eds. 1994 . Immigration and entrepreneurship: Culture, capital, and ethnic networks. , New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Loflin , L. H. 1973 . A world of strangers: Order and action in urban public space. , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Lomnitz , L. A. 1977 . Networks and marginality: Life in a Mexican shantytown. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Merry , S. E. 1981 . Urban danger: Life in a neighborhood of strangers. , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• PBS Online. 2001 . Frontline: The Rampart scandal. www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/ scandal/Retrieved November 11, 2003, from
   Google Scholar
• Park , R. E. , Burgess , E. W. , McKenzie , R. D. and Wirth , L. 1925 . The city. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Portes , A. and Sensenbrenner , J. 1993 . Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action . American Journal of Sociology , 98 : 13 20 – 13 . 50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. , Leonardi , R. and Nanetti , R. Y. 1993 . Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 2000 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. , New York : Simon & Shuster .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , J. L. and Transue , J. E. 1999 . The psychological underpinnings of democracy: A selective review of research on political tolerance, interpersonal trust, and social capital . Annual Review of Psychology , 50 : 625 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sviridoff , M. 1994 . The seeds of urban revival , 82 – 103 . The Public Interest . Winter
   Google Scholar
• Swindell , D. 2000 . Issue representation in neighborhood organizations: Questing for democracy at the grassroots . Journal of Urban Affairs , 23 ( 2 ) : 123 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. S. Census Bureau. 1940–1990 . Census of population and housing. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Webber , M. 1964 . “ The urban place and the non-place urban realm ” . In Explorations into the urban structure , Edited by: Webber , M. , Dyckman , J. , Foley , D. , Guttenberg , A. , Wheaton , W. and Wurster , C. B. 79 – 153 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Webber , M. 1970 . “ Order in diversity, community without propinquity ” . In Neighborhood, city and metropolis , Edited by: Gutman , R. and Popenoe , D. 791 – 811 . New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Weikel , D. February 15 1998 . “ Will fear again rule neighborhood? ” . In Los Angeles Times February 15 , AI
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , B. 1988 . “ Networks as personal communities ” . In Social structures: A network approach , Edited by: Wellman , B. and Berkowitz , S. D. 130 – 184 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wireman , P. 1984 . Urban neighborhoods, networks, and families: New forms for old values. , Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Wirth , L. 1938 . Urbanism as a way of life . American Journal of Sociology , 44 ( 1 ) : 3 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Benson , L. and Harkavy , I. 2000 . Higher education's third revolution: The emergence of the democratic cosmopolitan civic university . Cityscape , 5 ( 1 ) : 47 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaskin , R. and Brown , P. 1996 . “ Theories of neighborhood change ” . In Core issues in comprehensive community-building initiatives , Edited by: Stone , R. 1 – 8 . Chicago : University of Chicago, Chapin Hall Center for Children .
   Google Scholar
• Checkoway , B. 1997 . Reinventing the research university for public service . Journal of Planning Literature , 11 ( 3 ) : 307 – 319 .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , D. N. 2000 . Developing a framework for understanding university-community partnerships . Cityscape , 5 ( 1 ) : 9 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Gittell , R. and Vidal , A. C. 1998 . Community organizing: Building social capital as a development strategy , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Halpern , R. 1995 . Rebuilding the inner city: A history of neighborhood initiatives to address poverty in the United States , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , J. 1999 . Propinquity without community: A study in social capital, survival networks and community building in the Pico-Union area of Los Angeles , University of California Los Angeles . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Keyes , L. C. , Schwartz , A. , Vidal , A. C. and Bratt , R. G. 1996 . Networks and nonprofits: Opportunities and challenges in an era of federal devolution . Housing Policy Debate , 7 ( 2 ) : 201 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretzmann , J. P. and McKnight , J. L. 1993 . Building communities from the inside out: A path toward finding and mobilizing a community's assets , Chicago : ACTA Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , L. M. and Smutny , G. 2001 . Collaboration among small community-based organizations: Strategies and challenges in turbulent environments . Journal of Planning Education and Research , 21 ( 2 ) : 141 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , G. 1993 . Nobel lecture: The economic way of looking at life . Journal of Political Economy , 101 ( 3 ) : 383 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs , X. dS. 1998 . Brown kids in white suburbs: Housing mobility and the multiple faces of social capital . Housing Policy Debate , 9 ( 1 ) : 177 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. 1990 . Foundations of social theory. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Collier , P. and Gunning , J. W. 1999 . Explaining African economic performance . Journal of Economic Literature , 37 March : 64 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterly , W. , Ritzen , J. and Woolcock , M. 2000 . On good politicians and bad policies: Social cohesion, institutions, and growth , Washington, DC : The World Bank . (Policy Research Paper No. 2448)
   Google Scholar
• Farr , J. 2002 . The secret history of social capital [mimeo]. , Department of Government, University of Minnesota .
   Google Scholar
• Fine , B. 2001 . Social capital versus social theory: Political economy and social science at the turn of the millennium. , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Foley , M. and Edwards , B. 1999 . Is it time to divest in social capital? . Journal of Public Policy , 19 ( 2 ) : 199 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama , F. 1995 . Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glaeser , E. , Laibson , D. and Sacerdote , B. 2002 . An economic approach to social capital . Economics Journal , 112 ( 483 ) : 437 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittell , R. and Vidal , A. 1998 . Community organizing: Building social capital as a development strategy. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hanifan , L. J. 1916 . The rural school community center . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 67 : 130 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannerz , U. 1969 . Soulside: Inquiries into ghetto culture and community. , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harrrison , B. and Weiss , M. 1998 . Workforce development networks: Community-based organizations and regional alliances. , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. 1961 . The death and life of great American cities. , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Knack , S. and Keefer , P. 1997 . Does social capital have an economic pay off? A cross-country investigation . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 112 : 1251 – 1288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , N. 2001 . Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , M. 1996 . Big bills left on the sidewalk: Why some nations are rich and others poor . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 10 ( 2 ) : 3 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes , A. 1998 . Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology . Annual Review of Sociology , 22 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 1993 . Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 2000 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. , New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Saegert , S. , Thomson , J. P. and Warren , M. R. , eds. 2001 . Social capital and poor communities. , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Sen , A. 1999 . Development as freedom. , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Servon , L. 1999 . Bootstrap capital: Microenterprises and the American poor. , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stack , C. 1974 . All our kin. , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Temple , J. 1998 . Initial conditions, social capital, and growth in Africa . Journal of African Economies , 7 ( 3 ) : 309 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcock , M. 1998 . Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework . Theory and Society , 27 ( 2 ) : 151 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcock , M. 2000 . “ Managing risk, shocks, and opportunities in developing economies: The role of social capital ” . In Dimensions of development , Edited by: Ranis , G. 197 – 212 . New Haven : Yale Center for International and Area Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Woolcock , M. 2001 . The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes . Canadian Journal of Policy Research , 3 : 3 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Woolcock , M. and Narayan , D. 2000 . Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy . World Bank Research Observer , 15 ( 2 ) : 225 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar