References
- 1995 . Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S., S. Ct
- Bates , T. 1991 . Commercial bank financing of white- and black-owned small business startups . Quarterly Review of Economics and Business , 31 ( 1 ) : 64 – 80 .
- Bates , T. 1993 . Banking on black enterprise: The potential of emerging firms for revitalizing urban economies , Washington, DC : Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies .
- Bates , T. 1994 . Utilization of minority employees in small business: A comparison of nonminority- and black-owned enterprises . Review of Black Political Economy , 23 ( 1 ) : 113 – 121 .
- Bates , T. 1997a . Race, self employment, and upward mobility , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
- Bates , T. 1997b . Unequal access: Financial institution lending to black-and white-owned small business startups . Journal of Urban Affairs , 19 ( 4 ) : 487 – 95 .
- Bates , T. 1998a . Discrimination and the capacity of Chicago-area minority-owned businesses to participate in public procurement (Report to the City of Chicago, Department of Law)
- Bates , T. 1998b . “ Job creation through improved access to markets for minority-owned businesses ” . In The black worker in the 21st century: Job creation prospects and strategies , Edited by: Leigh , W. and Simms , M. 125 – 149 . Washington, DC : Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies .
- Bates , T. 2001 . Minority business access to mainstream markets . Journal of Urban Affairs , 23 ( 1 ) : 41 – 56 .
- Bates , T. 2004a . “ Minority business assistance programs are not designed to produce minority business development ” . In The emergence of entrepreneurship policy , Edited by: Hart , D. 155 – 172 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Bates , T. 2004b . New evidence applicable to city of Chicago procurement policies (Report to the City of Chicago Department of Law)
- Berube , A. and Frey , W. 2005 . “ A decade of mixed blessings: Urban and suburban poverty in Census 2000 ” . In Redefining urban and suburban America , Edited by: Burbube , A. , Katz , B. and Lang , R. Volume 2 , 111 – 136 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
- Blakely , E. and Bradshaw , T. 2002 . Planning local economic development , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Blanchflower , D. , Levine , P. and Zimmerman , D. 2003 . Discrimination in the small business credit market . Review of Economics and Statistics , 85 ( 4 ) : 930 – 943 .
- Boston , T. 1997 . Black business can make the difference . Black Enterprise , 27 ( 8 ) : 20 – 21 .
- Boston , T. 1999 . Affirmative action and black entrepreneurship , London : Routledge .
- Boston , T. 2005 . “ Black patronage of black-owned businesses and black employment ” . In African Americans and the U. S. economy , Edited by: Conrad , C. , Whitehead , J. , Mason , P. and Stewart , J. 373 – 377 . Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
- Boston , T. and Ross , C. 1997 . “ Location preferences of successful African American-owned businesses in Atlanta ” . In The inner city , Edited by: Boston , T. and Ross , C. 337 – 357 . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers .
- Brennan , J. and Hill , E. 1999 . Where are the jobs? , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, Survey Series .
- Brimmer , A. and Terrell , H. 1971 . The economic potential of black capitalism . Public Policy , 19 ( 2 ) : 132 – 150 .
- Buss , T. 2001 . The effect of state tax incentives on economic growth and firm location decisions . Economic Development Quarterly , 18 ( 2 ) : 90 – 105 .
- Carter , D. and Wilson , R . 1992 . Minorities in higher education , Washington, DC : American Council on Higher Education .
- Cavalluzzo , K. , Cavalluzzo , L. and Wolken , J. 2002 . Competition, small business financing, and discrimination . Journal of Business , 75 ( 4 ) : 641 – 679 .
- 1989 . City of Richmond v. J A. Croson Company, 488 U.S., S. Ct.
- 2003 . Concrete Works of Colorado, Inc., v. City and County of Denver, 321, F. 3rd 950, 959. ioth Cir.
- Detroit Economic Forum . 2005 . Detroit fiscal challenges and policy options , Detroit : MBIA MuniServices .
- Granovetter , M. 1994 . Getting a job: A study in careers and contacts , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Greenspan , A. 1999 . “ Changes in business finance ” . In Business access to credit and capital , Edited by: Blanton , J. , Williams , A. and Rhine , S. 39 – 44 . Washington, DC : Federal Reserve Board .
- Harvey , W. 2003 . Minorities in higher education , 2002 – 2003 . Washington, DC : American Council on Higher Education .
- Hill , E. and Brennan , J. 2005 . America's central cities and the location of work: Can cities compete with their suburbs? . Journal of the American Planning Association , 71 ( 4 ) : 411 – 432 .
- Holsey , A. 1938 . Seventy-five years of negro business . The Crisis , 45 ( 7 ) : 241 – 242 .
- Holzer , H. and Neumark , D. 2000 . Assessing affirmative action . Journal of Economic Literature , 38 ( 5 ) : 483 – 568 .
- Immergluck , D. 1999 . “ Intraurban patterns in small business lending: Findings from new Community Reinvestment Act data ” . In Business access to credit and capital , Edited by: Blanton , J. , Williams , A. and Rhine , S. 123 – 138 . Washington, DC : Federal Reserve Board .
- Immergluck , D. 2004 . Credit to the community , Armonk, NY : M. E. Sharpe .
- Jenson , R. 1997 . Ford purchases from MBEs reach a record $2 billion . Minority Supplier News , : 1 3
- Markwalder , D. 1981 . The potential for black business . The Review of Black Political Economy , 10 ( 2 ) : 111 – 116 .
- Pierce , J. 1947 . Negro business and business education , New York : Harper and Brothers .
- Porter , M. 1995 . The comparative advantage of the inner city . Harvard Business Review , 73 ( 5 ) : 55 – 71 .
- Porter , M. 1997 . “ An economic strategy for America's inner cities: Addressing the controversy ” . In The inner city , Edited by: Boston , T. and Ross , C. 303 – 336 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
- Sawicki , D. and Moody , M. 1997 . “ Deja-vu all over again: Porter's model of inner-city redevelopment ” . In The inner city , Edited by: Boston , T. and Ross , C. 75 – 94 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
- Simms , M. and Allen , W. 1997 . “ Is the inner city competitive? ” . In The inner city , Edited by: Boston , T. and Ross , C. 213 – 219 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
- Smith , G. 2003 . Small business lending in the Chicago region, 2001 . Reinvestment Alert , 23 : 1 – 17 .
- Stoll , M. 2005 . Job sprawl and the spatial mismatch between blacks and jobs , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program, Survey Series .
- Trent , W. 1984 . Equity considerations in higher education: Race and sex differences in degree attainment and major field . American Journal of Education , 92 ( 3 ) : 280 – 305 .
- U. S. Census Bureau. 1996 . 1992 Economic Census: Survey of minority-owned business enterprises: Black , Washington, DC : Author . Available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2/bus/mob/mb92-1.pdf(MB92–1)
- U. S. Census Bureau . 2001 . 1997 Economic Census: Survey of minority-owned business enterprises: Black , Washington, DC : Author . Available at http://www.census.gov/prod/ec97/e97cs-3.pdf (EC97CS-3)
- U. S. Commission on Civil Rights . 1986 . Minority and women set-aside statement Unpublished manuscript
- Weems , R. 1994 . A crumbling legacy: The decline of African American insurance companies in contemporary America . Review of Black Political Economy , 25 ( 2 ) : 25 – 38 .