Complementary Pricing and Land Use Policies: Does It Lead to Higher Transit Use?

References

• American Public Transportation Association. (2012). 2012 public transportation fact book. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anable, J., Brand, C., Tran, M., & Eyre, N. (2012). Modelling transport energy demand: A socio-technical approach. Energy Policy, 41, 125–138. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.08.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anas, A., & Rhee, H.-J. (2006). Curbing excess sprawl with congestion tolls and urban boundaries. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 36(4), 510–541. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anas, A., & Rhee, H.-J. (2007). When are urban growth boundaries not second-best policies to congestion tolls? Journal of Urban Economics, 61(2), 263–286. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2006.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aytur, S. A., Rodriguez, D. A., Evenson, K. R., & Catellier, D. J. (2008). Urban containment policies and physical activity: A time–series analysis of metropolitan areas, 1990–2002. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 320–332. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banister, D. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport Policy, 15(2), 73–80. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benes, J., Chauvet, M., Kamenik, O., Kumhof, M., Laxton, D., Mursula, S., & Selody, J. (2012). The future of oil: Geology versus technology (IMF Working Paper 12–109). Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Boarnet, M. G. (2010). Planning, climate change, and transportation: Thoughts on policy analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 44(8), 587–595. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2010.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boarnet, M. G. (2011). A broader context for land use and travel behavior, and a research agenda. Journal of the American Planning Association, 77(3), 197–213. doi:10.1080/01944363.2011.593483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownstone, D. (2008). Key relationships between the built environment and VMT. In T. R. Board (Ed.), Driving and the built environment: The effects of compact development on motorized travel, energy use, and CO₂ emissions (Special Report 298, p. 7). Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
   Google Scholar
• Brueckner, J. K. (2000). Urban sprawl: Diagnosis and remedies. International Regional Science Review, 23(2), 160–171. doi:10.1177/016001700761012710
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brueckner, J. K. (2005). Transport subsidies, system choice, and urban sprawl. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(6), 715–733. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brueckner, J. K. (2007). Urban growth boundaries: An effective second-best remedy for unpriced traffic congestion? Journal of Housing Economics, 16(3–4), 263–273. doi:10.1016/jjhe.2007.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, X. Y., Mokhtarian, P. L., & Handy, S. L. (2009). Examining the impacts of residential self-selection on travel behaviour: A focus on empirical findings. Transport Reviews, 29(3), 359–395. doi:10.1080/01441640802539195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero, R. (1998). The transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Washington, DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cervero, R. (2003). Growing smart by linking transportation and land use: Perspectives from California. Built Environment, 39(1), 66–78. doi:10.2148/benv.29.1.66.53948
   Google Scholar
• Cervero, R., & Duncan, M. (2006). Which reduces vehicle travel more: Jobs-housing balance or retail-housing mixing? Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(4), 475–490. doi:10.1080/01944360608976767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervero, R., & Landis, J. (1995). The transportation-land use connection still matters. Access (7), 2–11.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and climate change: A review. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(5), 354–367. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins, C. J., & Nelson, A. C. (2002). Urban containment policies and housing prices: An international comparison with implications for future research. Land Use Policy, 19(1), 1–12. doi:10.1016/s0264-8377(01)00038-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deka, D. (2002). Transit availability and automobile ownership. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21(3), 285–300. doi:10.1177/0739456×0202100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulal, H. B., Brodnig, G., & Onoriose, C. G. (2011). Climate change mitigation in the transport sector through urban planning: A review. Habitat International, 35(3), 494–500. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echenique, M. H., Hargreaves, A. J., Mitchell, G., & Namdeo, A. (2012). Growing cities sustainably. Journal of the American Planning Association, 78(2), 121–137. doi:10.1080/01944363.2012.666731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R. (1997). Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1), 107–126. doi:10.1080/01944369708975728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., Bartholomew, K., Winkelman, S., Walters, J., & Anderson, G. (2008). Urban development and climate change. Journal of Urbanism, 1(3), 201–216. doi:10.1080/17549170802529316
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., Bartholomew, K., Winkelman, S., Walters, J., & Chen, D. (2008). Growing cooler: The evidence on urban development and climate change. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., & Cervero, R. (2001). Travel and the built environment: A synthesis. Transportation Research Record, 1780, 87–114. doi:10.3141/1780-10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., & Cervero, R. (2010). Travel and the built environment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), 265–294. doi:10.1080/01944361003766766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., Nelson, A. C., Bartholomew, K., Emmi, P., & Appleyard, B. (2011). Response to Special Report 298 Driving and the built environment: The effects of compact development on motorized travel, energy use, and CO2 emissions. Journal of Urbanism, 4(1), 1–5. doi:10.1080/17549175.2011.560614
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., Pendall, R., & Chen, D. (2002). Measuring sprawl and its impact. Washington, DC: Smart Growth America.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Transit Administration. (2012). TS2.1—Service data and operating expenses time-series by mode [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram
   Google Scholar
• Giuliano, G. (1995). The weakening transportation-land use connection. Access 1(6), 3–11.
   Google Scholar
• Giuliano, G. (2005). Low income, public transit, and mobility. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1927(1), 63–70. doi:10.3141/1927-08
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, P., Dargay, J., & Hanly, M. (2004). Elasticities of road traffic and fuel consumption with respect to price and income: A review. Transport Reviews, 24(3), 275–292. doi:10.1080/0144164042000181725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, P., & Richardson, H. W. (1997). Are compact cities a desirable planning goal? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1), 95–106. doi:10.1080/01944369708975727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, D. J., & Glaister, S. (2004). Road traffic demand elasticity estimates: A review. Transport Reviews, 24(3), 261–274. doi:10.1080/0144164032000101193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, D. L., & Plotkin, S. E. (2011). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from US transportation. Washington, DC: Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Z., Agrawal, A. W., & Dill, J. (2011). Are land use planning and congestion pricing mutually supportive? Journal of the American Planning Association, 77(3), 232–250. doi:10.1080/01944363.2011.592129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haire, A., & Machemehl, R. (2010). Regional and modal variability in effects of gasoline prices on U.S. transit ridership. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2144(1), 20–27. doi:10.3141/2144-03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy, S. (2006). The road less driven. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(3), 274–278. doi:10.1080/01944360608976749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy, S., Sallis, J. F., Weber, D., Maibach, E., & Hollander, M. (2008). Is support for traditionally designed communities growing? Evidence from two national surveys. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(2), 209–221. doi:10.1080/01944360802010418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, G., Brownson, R., Kruger, J., Miles, R., Powell, K., & Ramsey, L. (2006). The effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies and practices to increase physical activity: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 3(Suppl. 1), S55–S76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heres-Del-Valle, D., & Niemeier, D. (2011). CO2 emissions: Are land-use changes enough for California to reduce VMT? Specification of a two-part model with instrumental variables. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 45(1), 150–161. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2010.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaap, G.-J. (2008). The sprawl of economics: A response to Jan Brueckner. In G. C. Cornia & J. Riddell (Eds.), Toward a vision of land in 2015: International perspectives (pp. 67–88). Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmyak, J. R., Pratt, R. H., Douglas, G. B., & Spielberg, F. (2003). Land use and site design-traveler response to transportation system changes. In R. H. Pratt (Ed.), TCRP Report 95: Traveler response to transportation system changes handbook (3rd ed., 15-1-15-133). Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
   Google Scholar
• Lachapelle, U., Frank, L., Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Conway, T. L. (2011). Commuting by public transit and physical activity: Where you live, where you work, and how you get there. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 8(Suppl. 1), S72–S82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, B. W. (2012). A time-series analysis of gasoline prices and public transportation in US metropolitan areas. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 221–235. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lautso, K., Spiekermann, K., Wegener, M., Sheppard, I., Steadman, P., Martino, A., … Gayda, S. (2004). PROPOLIS: Planning and research of policies for land use and transport for increasing urban sustainability. Helsinki, Finland: The European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, J., & Frank, L. (2007). Transportation and land-use preferences and residents’ neighborhood choices: The sufficiency of compact development in the Atlanta region. Transportation, 34(2), 255–274. doi:10.1007/s11116-006-9104-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J., & Garb, Y. (2002). Congestion pricing's conditional promise: Promotion of accessibility or mobility? Transport Policy, 9(3), 179–188. doi:10.1016/s0967-070x(02)00007-0
   Google Scholar
• Levine, J., & Inam, A. (2004). The market for transportation-land use integration: Do developers want smarter growth than regulations allow? Transportation, 31(4), 409–427. doi:10.1023/B:PORT.0000037086.33893.9f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J., Inam, A., & Torng, G.-W. (2005). A choice-based rationale for land use and transportation alternatives: Evidence from Boston and Atlanta. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24(3), 317–330. doi:10.1177/0739456×04267714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson, D. (2009). Equity effects of road pricing: A review. Transport Reviews, 30(1), 33–57. doi:10.1080/01441640903189304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litman, T. (2004). Transit price elasticities and cross-elasticities. Journal of Public Transportation, 7(2), 37–58.
   Google Scholar
• Litman, T. (2010). Evaluating public transportation health benefits. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Litman, T. (2012). Understanding transport demands and elasticities: How prices and other factors affect travel behavior. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Lubin, A., & Deka, D. (2012). Role of public transportation as job access mode. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2277(1), 90–97. doi:10.3141/2277-11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maley, D., & Weinberger, R. (2009). Rising gas price and transit ridership. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2139(1), 183–188. doi:10.3141/2139-21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, J. D. (2008). Energy-efficient urban form. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(9), 3133–3137. doi:10.1021/es087047l
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson, J. W. (2008). Effects of rising gas prices on bus ridership for small urban and rural transit systems. Fargo: North Dakota State University.
   Google Scholar
• May, A. D., Kelly, C., & Shepherd, S. (2006). The principles of integration in urban transport strategies. Transport Policy, 13(4), 319–327. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, G., Hargreaves, A., Namdeo, A., & Echenique, M. (2011). Land use, transport, and carbon futures: the impact of spatial form strategies in three UK urban regions. Environment and Planning A, 43(9), 2143–2163. doi:10.1068/a43570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, A. T., Staley, S. R., & Poole, R. W. (2010). The role of VMT reduction in meeting climate change policy goals. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 44(8), 565–574. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2010.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morency, C., TrÈpanier, M., & Demers, M. (2011). Walking to transit: An unexpected source of physical activity. Transport Policy, 18(6), 800–806. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, P., Baglino, A., Harrington, W., Safirova, E., & Lipman, A. (2007). Transit in Washington, DC: Current benefits and optimal level of provision. Journal of Urban Economics, 62(2), 231–251. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2007.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry, I., & Small, K. (2005). Does Britain or the United States have the right gasoline tax? The American Economic Review, 95(4), 1276–1289. doi:10.1257/0002828054825510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, J., & Goodstein, E. (2000). Growth management and housing prices: the case of Portland, Oregon. Contemporary Economic Policy, 18(3), 334–344. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7287.2000.tb00030.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodier, C. J. (2009). Review of international modeling literature. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2132(1), 1–12. doi:10.3141/2132-01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodier, C. J., Johnston, R. A., & Abraham, J. E. (2002). Heuristic policy analysis of regional land use, transit, and travel pricing scenarios using two urban models. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 7(4), 243–254. doi:10.1016/s1361-9209(01)00022-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom, S. (2010). Alternative transportation financing strategies. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2163(1), 15–23. doi:10.3141/2163-02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salon, D., Boarnet, M. G., Handy, S., Spears, S., & Tal, G. (2012). How do local actions affect VMT? A critical review of the empirical evidence. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17(7), 495–508. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2012.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer, L. (2009). The empirical research on the social equity of gas taxes, emissions fees, and congestion charges, Transportation Research Board Special Report, 303, 1–26. Retrieved from http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1116098
   Google Scholar
• Shen, Q. (1997). Urban transportation in Shanghai, China: Problems and planning implications. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(4), 589–606. doi:10.1111/1468–2427.00103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, K. A. (1997). Economics and urban transportation policy in the United States. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 27(6), 671–691. doi:10.1016/S0166-0462(96)02166-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, K. A., & Van Dender, K. (2007). Long run trends in transport demand, fuel price elasticities and implications of the oil outlook for transport policy (Joint Transportation Research Center Discussion Paper, 2007–16). Retrieved from http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DiscussionPaper16.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen, P. (2009). Moving Los Angeles. Access: The Magazine of the University of California Transportation Center, 35, 16–24.
   Google Scholar
• Staley, S. R. (2008). Missing the forest through the trees? Comment on Reid Ewing and Fang Rong's “The impact of urban form on US residential energy use.” Housing Policy Debate, 19(1), 31–43. doi:10.1080/10511482.2008.9521625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepp, M. D., Winebrake, J. J., Hawker, J. S., & Skerlos, S. J. (2009). Greenhouse gas mitigation policies and the transportation sector: The role of feedback effects on policy effectiveness. Energy Policy, 37(7), 2774–2787. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stover, V. W., & Bae, C. H. C. (2011). Impact of gasoline prices on transit ridership in Washington State. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2217(1), 11–18. doi:10.3141/2217-02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timms, P., Woodham, K., Milne, D., Ramjerdi, F., Vold, A., Minken, H., … Jarvi, T. (2005). Deliverable D8: Analysis and assessment of the practical impacts of combinations of instruments in an urban context, SPECTRUM (Study of Policies regarding Economic instruments Complementing Transport Regulation and the Undertaking of physical Measures). Leeds, England: Institute for Transport Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Transportation Research Board. (2009). Driving and the built environment: The effects of compact development on motorized travel, energy use, and CO₂ emissions. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012). Consumer price index—All urban consumers [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/data
   Google Scholar
• Wassmer, R. W. (2006). The influence of local urban containment policies and statewide growth management on the size of united states urban areas. Journal of Regional Science, 46(1), 25–65. doi:10.1111/j.0022-4146.2006.00432.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, R. (2006). Lloyd district regional center plan and progress. Retrieved from http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/AB94DA30-FF36–4F6B-838A-B7D04EA3ADE5/0/Lloyd_District_White_Paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, S., Bishins, A., & Kooshian, C. (2009). Cost-effective GHG reductions through smart growth & improved transportation choices: An economic case for investment of cap-and-trade revenues. Transportation and Climate Change Program. Washington, DC: Center for Clean Air Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, S., Bishins, A., & Kooshian, C. (2010). Planning for economic and environmental resilience. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 44(8), 575–586. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2010.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanmaz-Tuzel, O., & Ozbay, K. (2010). Impacts of gasoline prices on New Jersey transit ridership. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2144(1), 52–61. doi:10.3141/2144-07
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar