REFERENCES
- Adkins, A., Makarewicz, C., Scanze, M., Ingram, M., & Luhr, G. (2017). Contextualizing walkability: Do relationships between built environments and walking vary by socioeconomic context? Journal of the American Planning Association., 83(3), 296–314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2017.1322527
- Aevaz, R. (2020). Op-Ed: Transportation and the police part 2: The enforcement problem in pedestrian and bicycle safety. https://www.enotrans.org/article/transportation-and-the-police-part-2-the-enforcement-problem-in-pedestrian-and-bicycle-safety/
- Agamben, G. (2005). State of exception. (K. Attell, Trans.; Vol. 31). University of Chicago Press. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/full/https://doi.org/10.3366/E0305149809000546
- Agyeman, J., Schlosberg, D., Craven, L., & Matthews, C. (2016). Trends and directions in environmental justice: From inequity to everyday life, community, and just sustainabilities. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41(1), 321–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-090052
- AICP. (2016). AICP code of ethics and professional conduct. American Planning Association. https://www.planning.org/ethics/ethicscode/
- Akpinar, A. (2016). How is quality of urban green spaces associated with physical activity and health? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 16, 76–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.011
- Anderson, E. (2015). The white space. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 1(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/233264921456130
- Arnstein, S. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225
- Astor, M. (2019, February 26). How the politically unthinkable can become mainstream. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/26/us/politics/overton-window-democrats.html
- Badger, E. (2020, July 20). The pandemic has pushed aside city planning rules. But to whose benefit? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/20/upshot/pandemic-city-planning-inequality.html
- Barajas, J. M. (2018). Not all crashes are created equal: Associations between the built environment and disparities in bicycle collisions. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 11(1), 1145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1145
- Barajas, J. M. (2019). Perceptions, people, and places: Influences on cycling for Latino immigrants and implications for equity. Journal of Planning Education and Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X19864714
- Barajas, J. M. (2020, October 9). Biking while Black—How planning contributes to unjust policing. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/trec_seminar/194/
- Bliss, L. (2021, January 6). “Slow streets” disrupted city planning. What comes next? Bloomberg City Lab. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-06/the-swift-disruptive-rise-of-slow-streets
- Boone, C. G., Buckley, G. L., Grove, J. M., & Sister, C. (2009). Parks and people: An environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(4), 767–787. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00045600903102949
- Botchwey, N. D., Johnson, N., O’Connell, L. K., & Kim, A. J. (2019). Including youth in the ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 85(3), 255–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1616319
- Brown, C. (n.d.). Fear: A silent barrier to bicycling in Black and Hispanic communities. ITE Journal, 86(9), 22–24. https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2016_Brown_Fear-A-Silent-Barrier-to-Bicycling-in-Black-and-Hispanic-Communities.pdf
- Brown, C., & Blickstein, S. (n.d.). Bicycling among Black and Hispanic women: Focus group summary report. Rutgers University. http://njbikeped.org/wp-content/uploads/Bicycling-Among-Black-and-Hispanic-Women_Web.pdf
- Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, J. K. (2020, July 3). Black Lives Matter may be the largest movement in U.S. history. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html
- Bullard, R. D. (1990). Dumping in Dixie. Westview Press.
- Bullard, R. D. (1994). Unequal protection. Sierra Club Books.
- Butler, T., & Moore, J. G. (2021, February 8). The emotional labor of participation: Tamika L. Butler and Justin Garrett Moore in conversation. SFMOMA’s Open Space. https://openspace.sfmoma.org/2021/02/the-emotional-labor-of-participation-tamika-l-butler-and-justin-garrett-moore-in-conversation/
- Cain, C. L., Wallace, S. P., & Ponce, N. A. (2018). Helpfulness, trust, and safety of neighborhoods: Social capital, household income, and self-reported health of older adults. The Gerontologist, 58(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx145
- Chan, D. (2018, March 26). What counts as “real” city planning? Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-26/the-case-for-a-broader-definition-of-urban-planning
- City of Austin. (2018). Austin’s equity assessment tool: Leveling the playing field. Open Government Partnership. https://www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/austins-equity-assessment-tool-leveling-the-playing-field/
- City of Detroit. (2020). Streets for people. https://detroitmi.gov/departments/department-public-works/complete-streets/streets-people
- City of New York. (2020, July 24). New York City adds play streets to nation-leading open streets initiative. http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/544-20/new-york-city-adds-play-streets-nation-leading-open-streets-initiative
- Cobb, C. (2020, May 20). How do we make sure that open streets are truly open for everyone? Streetsblog Chicago, https://chi.streetsblog.org/2020/05/20/how-do-we-make-sure-that-open-streets-are-truly-open-for-everyone/
- Collins, C. R., & Guidry, S. (2018). What effect does inequality have on residents’ sense of safety? Exploring the mediating processes of social capital and civic engagement. Journal of Urban Affairs, 40(7), 1009–1026. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2018.1439338
- Combs, T., Pardo, C. F., Streetplans, Epinandes, MobilityWorks, & Datasketch. (2020). The “shifting streets” Covid-19 mobility dataset. http://pedbikeinfo.org/resources/resources_details.cfm?id=5235.
- Commission for Racial Justice. (1987). Toxic wastes and race In the United States: A national report on the racial and socio-economic characteristics of communities with hazardous waste Sites (p. 10). United Church of Christ. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1310/ML13109A339.pdf
- Communities of Color United. (n.d.) Our history. https://www.atxccu.org/about
- Cortright, J. (2020, May 5). Don’t make “equity” the enemy of improving cities for people. City Observatory. https://cityobservatory.org/dont-make-equity-the-enemy-of-improving-cities-for-people/
- Deggans, E. (2020, August 25). “Not racist” is not enough: Putting in the work to be anti-racist. Life Kit. https://www.npr.org/2020/08/24/905515398/not-racist-is-not-enough-putting-in-the-work-to-be-anti-racist
- Denver Streets Partnership. (2021). From parking lots to patios. Denver Streets Partnership. https://denverstreetspartnership.org/from-parking-lots-to-patios/
- Descant, S. (2020). Not all neighborhoods want slow streets. Here’s why. Governing.Com. https://www.governing.com/community/Not-All-Neighborhoods-Want-Slow-Streets-Heres-Why.html
- Dixon, E., & Piepzna-Samarasinha, L. (2020). Beyond survival: Strategies and stories from the transformative justice movement. AK Press.
- Dooling, S. (2009). Ecological gentrification: A research agenda exploring justice in the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(3), 621–639. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00860.x
- Fraser, N. (1995). Justice interruptus: Critical reflections on the “postsocialist” condition. Routledge.
- García Zambrana, I., & Khan, S. (n.d.) Active transportation and perceptions of safety: A case study of a regional trail and a transit corridor in Salt Lake City, Utah. Focus, 14(1), 14. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/focus/vol14/iss1/14/
- Glaser, M., & Krizek, K. J. (2020). Can emergency response measures trigger a transition to new transport systems? Exploring the role of “street experiments” from 55 US cities. Working paper, Centre for Urban Studies, University of Amsterdam, 45. https://urbanstudies.uva.nl/content/working-paper-series/working-paper-series-no.45.html
- Graff, C. (2021, February 1). Three slow streets could become permanent. San Francisco Examiner. https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/three-slow-streets-could-become-permanent/
- Haag, M. (2020, December 18). See what happens when N.Y.C. streets are full of people instead of cars. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/17/nyregion/nyc-open-streets.html
- Haines, S. (2019). The politics of trauma: Somatics, healing, and social justice. North Atlantic Books.
- Hake, S. (2020, November 4). Slow streets takes it to the streets. San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. https://www.sfmta.com/blog/slow-streets-takes-it-streets
- Hauswald, S., & Reyes, S. (2020, August 2). Lasting affordability is the path to resilience. Shelterforce. https://shelterforce.org/2020/08/02/lasting-affordability-is-the-path-to-resilience/
- Hollander, J. B., & Németh, J. (2011). The bounds of smart decline: A foundational theory for planning shrinking cities. Housing Policy Debate, 21(3), 349–367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2011.585164
- Jackson, A. (2020, May 7). Seattle to permanently close 20 miles of streets to traffic so residents can exercise and bike on them. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/seattle-streets-closed-stay-healthy-trnd/index.html
- Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities (Reissue edition). Vintage.
- Jelks, N. O., Jennings, V., & Rigolon, A. (2021). Green gentrification and health: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 907. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030907
- Jennings, V., & Bamkole, O. (2019). The relationship between social cohesion and urban green space: An avenue for health promotion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030452
- Kaba, M. (2013). Transformative justice: A curriculum guide. Project NIA. https://project-nia.org/uploads/images/tjcurriculum_design_small-finalrev.pdf
- Karner, A., Brown, K. B., Marcantonio, R., & Alcorn, L. G. (2019). The view from the top of Arnstein’s ladder. Journal of the American Planning Association, 85(3), 236–254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1617767
- Katz, M. (2021, April 21). Prosecutor will investigate viral video of N.J. police arresting young black cyclist for biking without a license. Gothamist. https://gothamist.com/news/prosecutors-investigate-viral-video-nj-police-arresting-young-black-male-biking-without-license
- King, D. A., & Krizek, K. J. (2020). The power of reforming streets to boost access for human-scaled vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 83, 102336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102336
- Kramer, J. (2020, August 18). Do D.C.’s slow streets benefit everyone? Washington City Paper. https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/303481/do-dcs-slow-streets-benefit-everyone/
- Krieger, N. (2020). Enough: COVID-19, structural racism, police brutality, plutocracy, climate change—and time for health justice, democratic governance, and an equitable, sustainable future. American Journal of Public Health, 110(11), 1620–1623. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305886
- League of American Bicyclists & Sierra Club. (n.d.) The new majority: Pedaling towards equity. https://bikeleague.org/sites/default/files/equity_report.pdf
- Lindsey, J. (2020, November). The livability revolution starts now. Outside Magazine, 12–14.
- Low, S. (2013). Public space and diversity: Distributive, procedural and interactional justice for parks. https://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/Programs/Anthropology/Faculty/Public-Space-and-Diversity.pdf
- Lubitow, A. (2017). Narratives of marginalized cyclists: Understanding obstacles to utilitarian cycling among women and minorities in Portland, OR. TREC Final Reports. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15760/trec.171
- Multicultural Communities for Mobility (MCM). (n.d.) Multicultural communities for mobility. https://multicultimobility.org/
- National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). (2020, August 25). NACTO announces awardees of streets for pandemic response and recovery grant program. https://nacto.org/2020/08/12/nacto-announces-awardees-of-streets-for-pandemic-response-and-recovery-grant-program
- NBC New York. (2020, April 6). NYC gives up on street closures for open space as NYPD sick calls rise. NBC New York. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/nyc-gives-up-on-street-closures-for-open-space-as-nypd-sick-calls-rise/2361617/
- Newton, D. (2021, April 30). Bill to help cities make “slow streets” permanent moving in assembly. Streetsblog California. https://cal.streetsblog.org/2021/04/30/bill-to-help-cities-make-slow-streets-permanent-moving-in-assembly/
- Nzinga, A. (2020, April 22). Oakland residents skeptical of “Slow Streets” project. Oakland Voices. https://oaklandvoices.us/2020/04/22/oakland-slow-streets-gentrification-displacement/
- Olin, A. (2021, January 1). “Slow streets” may have been rolled out too fast in Houston. The Kinder Institute for Urban Research, Rice University. https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/2021/04/01/pandemic-slow-streets-may-have-been-rolled-out-too-fast-houston
- Palmer, A. (2019). Strategies for sustainable growth in community land trusts. Harvard’s Joint Center for Housing Studies and NeighborWorks America. https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/media/imp/harvard_jchs_palmer_strategies_sustainablegrowth_community_land_trusts_2019.pdf
- Pitter, J. (2021, April 9). Public safety at the city’s core. Azure Magazine. https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/jay-pitter-public-safety-kensington-market/
- Pitter, J., & Lorinc, J. (Eds.). (2016). Subdivided: City-building in an age of hyper-diversity. Coach House Books.
- Rani, R. S. (2020, October 8). How Covid-19 inspired Oakland to get real about equitable urban planning. Next City. https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/how-covid-19-inspired-oakland-to-get-real-about-equitable-urban-planning
- Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.
- Richling, B. (2021, April 13). Brooklyn’s open streets expose tensions in gentrifying neighborhoods. Bklyner. https://bklyner.com/brooklyns-open-streets-expose-tensions-in-gentrifying-neighborhoods/
- Rigolon, A. (2016). A complex landscape of inequity in access to urban parks: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 153, 160–169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.017
- Rigolon, A., & Christensen, J. (2019). Greening without gentrification: Learning from parks-related anti-displacement strategies nationwide. University of California Press.
- Rigolon, A., & Németh, J. (2020). Green gentrification or “just green enough”: Do park location, size and function affect whether a place gentrifies or not? Urban Studies, 57(2), 402–420. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019849380
- Roberts, J. D., Mandic, S., Fryer, C. S., Brachman, M. L., & Ray, R. (2019). Between privilege and oppression: An intersectional analysis of active transportation experiences among Washington D.C. area youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(8), 1313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081313
- Roe, D. (2020, July 27). Black cyclists are stopped more often than whites, police data shows. Bicycling. https://www.bicycling.com/culture/a33383540/cycling-while-black-police/
- Routh, S. (2016, August 29). Vision Zero & Campaign Zero: A national conversation. Why Isn’t Anyone Talking about This? http://whyisntanyone.com/2016/08/29/vision-zero-campaign-zero-a-national-conversation/
- Roy, A. (2020, April 3). The pandemic is a portal. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/10d8f5e8-74eb-11ea-95fe-fcd274e920ca
- Saffer, H., Dave, D., Grossman, M., & Ann Leung, L. (2013). Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in physical activity. Journal of Human Capital, 7(4), 378–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/671200
- Sanders, T., Rabinowitz, K., & Conarck, B. (2017, November 16). Walking while black. ProPublica. https://features.propublica.org/walking-while-black/jacksonville-pedestrian-violations-racial-profiling/
- Schlosberg, D. (2004). Reconceiving environmental justice: Global movements and political theories. Environmental Politics, 13(3), 517–540. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0964401042000229025
- Sulaiman, S. (2018, May 1). “I can’t go everywhere that I thought I could go”: When black and brown cyclists need safety from more than traffic. Streetsblog Los Angeles. https://la.streetsblog.org/2018/05/01/i-cant-go-everywhere-that-i-thought-i-could-go-when-black-and-brown-cyclists-need-safety-from-more-than-traffic/
- Surcio, J. (2021, June 23). For disabled users, the “open streets” of the pandemic remain closed. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-06-23/can-outdoor-dining-fix-its-accessibility-problems
- Swanstrom, T. (2011). Justice and the American metropolis (C. R. Hayward, Ed.). University of Minnesota Press. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/justice-and-the-american-metropolis
- Thomas, D. (2020, June 8). Safe streets” are not safe for black lives. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-08/-safe-streets-are-not-safe-for-black-lives
- Toole, J., Butler, T., Chrzan, J. (2020). ITE Journal—February 2020. https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/ITE/ITE_February2020/index.php#/p/38
- Torres, E. (2020, May 15). New York City’s open streets policy could be permanent fixture, experts say. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/york-citys-open-streets-policy-permanent-fixture-experts/story?id=70616741
- Walker, A. (2020, May 20). Coronavirus is not fuel for your urbanist fantasies. Curbed. https://archive.curbed.com/2020/5/20/21263319/coronavirus-future-city-urban-covid-19
- Welch, B. (2020, August 14). Yes, black girls do bike. VeloNews.Com. https://www.velonews.com/culture/yes-black-girls-do-bike/
- Wilson, B. B. (2018). Resilience for all: Striving for equity through community-driven design (2nd edition). Island Press.
- Wisniewski, M. (2020, September 14). Biking while black”: Chicago minority areas see the most bike tickets. Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-chicago-bike-tickets-minorities-0319-20170317-story.html
- Wolch, J., Wilson, J. P., & Fehrenbach, J. (2005). Parks and park funding in Los Angeles: An equity-mapping analysis. Urban Geography, 26(1), 4–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.26.1.4
- Wood, L., Hooper, P., Foster, S., & Bull, F. (2017). Public green spaces and positive mental health: Investigating the relationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing. Health & Place, 48, 63–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.002
- Yasin, A. (2020, June 18). Whose streets? Black streets. The Tyee. https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2020/06/18/Whose-Streets-Black-Streets/
- Young, I. M. (2011). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton University Press.