Online news comments: Social network and emergent public

References

• Blumer, H. 1961. The crowd, the mass and the public. In The process and effects of mass communication, ed. W. Schramm. 363–79. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, R. S. 1982. Towards a structural theory of action: Network models of social structure, perception and action. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, R. S. 2000. The network structure of social Capital. Research in Organizational Behaviour 22:345–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron, D. K., and H. L. Norton. 2011. Intermediaries and hate speech: Fostering digital citizenship for our information age. Boston University Law Review 91:1435–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, L. 2001. Computer-mediated communication and the public sphere: A critical analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 7 (1). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00137.x (accessed June 27, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Domingo, D., T. Quandt, A. Heinonen, S. Paulussen, J. B. Singer, and M. Vujnovic. 2008. Participatory journalism practices in the media and beyond: An international comparative study of initiatives in online newspapers. Journalism Practice 2 (3):326–42.
   Google Scholar
• Dryzek, J. 2000. Deliberative democracy and beyond: Liberals, critics, contestations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., C. Steinfield, and C. Lampe. 2007. The benefits of facebook ‘‘friends:’’ social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (4):1143–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freelon, D. 2015. Discourse architecture, ideology, and democratic norms in online political discussion. New Media & Society 17 (5):772–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. 2004/1962. Julkisuuden rakennemuutos. Tutkimus yhdestä kansalaisyhteiskunnan kategoriasta. [The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society] (V. Pietilä, Trans.) Tampere, Finland: Vastapaino.
   Google Scholar
• Hermida, A., and N. Thurman. 2008. A clash of cultures: The integration of user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites. Journalism Practice 2 (3):343–56.
   Google Scholar
• Huberman, B. A., D. M. Romero, and F. Wu. 2009. Social networks that matter: Twitter under the microscope. First Monday 14 (1). http://firstmonday.org/article/view/2317/2063 (accessed June 27, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Huhtamäki, J., O. Parviainen. 2013. Verkostoanalyysi sosiaalisen median tutkimuksessa. In Otteita verkosta [grips from online], eds. S.-M. Laaksonen, J. Matikainen, and M. Tikka. 245–73. Tampere, Finland: Vastapaino Oy.
   Google Scholar
• Hujanen, J., and S. Pietikäinen. 2004. Interactive uses of journalism: Crossing between technological potential and young people's news-using practices. New Media & Society 6 (3):383–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, J.-E., M. Mattila, and P. Uusikylä. 1995. Johdatus verkostoanalyysiin. [Introduction to network analysis]. Helsinki, Finland: Kuluttajatutkimuskeskus.
   Google Scholar
• Kangaspunta, V. 2016. Talvivaara ja kommenteissa keskustelevat julkisot. Keskustelunanalyyttinen menetelmäkokeilu verkkouutisten kommentoinnista. [Talvivaara and the discussing publics in the comments: Testing conversation analysis methodology on online news comments]. Media & Viestintä 39 (1):24–54.
   Google Scholar
• Ksiazek, T., L. Peer, and K. Lessard. 2016. User engagement with online news: Conceptualizing interactivity and exploring the relationship between online news and user comments. New Media & Society 18 (3):502–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., and S. Moon. 2010. What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? Paper presented at the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW 2010), New York. http://www.eecs.wsu.edu/∼assefaw/CptS580-06/papers/2010-www-twitter.pdf (accessed June 27, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Laaksonen, S.-M., J. Matikainen. 2013. Tutkimuskohteena vuorovaikutus ja keskustelu verkossa. In Otteita verkosta [Grips from online], eds. S.-M. Laaksonen, J. Matikainen, and M. Tikka. 193–215. Tampere, Finland: Vastapaino Oy.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, A. O. 2011. Interactive to me – Interactive to you? A study of use and appreciation of interactivity on Swedish newspaper websites. New Media & Society 13 (7):1180–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S. 2005. On the relation between audiences and publics. In Audiences and publics: When cultural engagement matters for the public sphere, ed. S. Livingstone. 17–41. Bristol, UK: Intellect Books.
   Google Scholar
• Panzarasa, P., T. Opsahl, and K. M. Carley. 2009. Patterns and dynamics of users’ behavior and interaction: Network analysis of an online community. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60 (5):911–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietilä, V. 2010/1999. Julkiso ja yleisö. In Veikko pietilä ja julkisuuspiiri. Julkisot, yleisöt ja media. Suomennoksia ja kirjoituksia julkisista vuorovaikutus- ja toimintamuodoista [Veikko pietilä and the circle of public: Publics, audiences and media. Translations and writings on public forms of interaction and action]. 201–16. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pietilä, V. 2010/2000. The public rakennelmana yleisöä koskevissa puhetavoissa. In Veikko pietilä ja julkisuuspiiri. Julkisot, yleisöt ja media. Suomennoksia ja kirjoituksia julkisista vuorovaikutus- ja toimintamuodoista [Veikko pietilä and the circle of public: Publics, audiences and media. Translations and writings on public forms of interaction and action]. 217–42. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pietilä, V. 2010/2001. Yleisönosasto ja Internet keskustelunareenoina. In Veikko pietilä ja julkisuuspiiri. Julkisot, yleisöt ja media. Suomennoksia ja kirjoituksia julkisista vuorovaikutus- ja toimintamuodoista, [Veikko pietilä and the circle of public: Publics, audiences and media. Translations and writings on public forms of interaction and action]. 397–422. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pietilä, V. 2010/2006. “Matti Matalaisen” julkea ehdotus ja vähän muutakin. In Veikko pietilä ja julkisuuspiiri. Julkisot, yleisöt ja media. Suomennoksia ja kirjoituksia julkisista vuorovaikutus- ja toimintamuodoista, [Veikko pietilä and the circle of public: Publics, audiences and media. Translations and writings on public forms of interaction and action]. 243–67. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pietilä, V., and S. Ridell. 1998. Julkea ehdotus [An impudent suggestion]. Tiedotustutkimus 21:1.95.
   Google Scholar
• Pöyhtäri, R., P. Haara, and P. Raittila. 2013. Vihapuhe sananvapautta kaventamassa [Hate speech narrowing the freedom of speech]. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reagle, J. M. Jr. 2015. Reading the comments. Likers, haters and manipulators at the bottom of the web. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, Z. 2011. User Comments: The transformation of participatory space. In Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers, eds. J. B. Singer. n.p. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Ridell, S. 2010. Johdannoksi teokseen. In Veikko pietilä ja julkisuuspiiri. Julkisot, yleisöt ja media. Suomennoksia ja kirjoituksia julkisista vuorovaikutus- ja toimintamuodoista [Veikko pietilä and the circle of public: Publics, audiences and media. Translations and writings on public forms of interaction and action]. 7–31. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Riff, D., S. Lacy, and F. Fico. 1998. Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. 2013. Social network analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Toepfl, F., and E. Piwoni. 2015. Public spheres in interaction: Comment sections of news websites as counterpublic spaces. Journal of Communication 65(3):465–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainikka, E., and J. Huhtamäki. 2015. Twiittien politiikkaa – poliittisen viestinnän sisäpiirit twitterissä [Politics of the tweets – the inner circles of politics on twitter]. Media & Viestintä 38 (3):165–83.
   Google Scholar
• Waldron, J. 2012. The harm in hate speech. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, S., and K. Faust. 1994. Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, P. 2014. Discussions in the comments section: Factors influencing participation and interactivity in online newspapers' reader comments. New Media & Society 16 (6):941–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamith, R., and S. C. Lewis. 2014. From public spaces to public sphere. Digital Journalism 2 (4):558–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegele, M., T. Breiner, and O. Quiring. 2014. What creates interactivity in online news discussions? An exploratory analysis of discussion factors in user comments on news items. Journal of Communication 64 (6):1111–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar