115
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

I Knew It All Along, Unless I Had to Work to Learn What I Know

, , &
Pages 32-39 | Published online: 19 Feb 2009

REFERENCES

  • Aiken , L. S. , & West , S. G. ( 1991 ). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Arkes , H. R. , & Blumer , C. ( 1985 ). The psychology of sunk-cost . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 35 , 124 – 140 .
  • Brockner , J. , & Rubin , J. Z. ( 1985 ). Entrapment in escalating conflicts: A social psychological analysis . New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Conway , M. , & Ross , M. ( 1984 ). Getting what you want by revising what you had . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 , 738 – 748 .
  • Creyer , E. , & Ross , W. T. ( 1993 ). Hindsight bias and inferences in choice: The mediating role of cognitive effort . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 55 , 61 – 77 .
  • Fischhoff , B. ( 1975 ). Hindsight ≠ foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 1 , 288 – 299 .
  • Guilbault , R. L. , Bryant , F. B. , Brockway , J. H. , & Posavac , E. J. ( 2004 ). A meta-analysis of research on hindsight bias . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 26 , 103 – 117 .
  • Harley , E. M. , Carlsen , K. A. , & Loftus , G. R. (2004). The ‘saw-it-all-along' effect: Demonstrations of visual hindsight bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 30, 960–968.
  • Hertwig , R. , Gigerenzer , G. , & Hoffrage , U. ( 1997 ). The reiteration effect in hindsight bias . Psychological Review , 104 , 194 – 202 .
  • Hobfoll , S. E. ( 1989 ). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress . American Psychologist , 44 , 513 – 524 .
  • Hobfoll , S. E. ( 2001 ). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 50 , 337 – 421 .
  • Hom , H. L. , & Ciaramitaro , M. ( 2001 ). GTIDHNIHS: I knew-it-all-along . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 15 , 493 – 507 .
  • Jarvis , W. B. ( 2003 ). MediaLab [computer software] . New York : Empirisoft .
  • Karney , B. R. , & Coombs , R. H. ( 2000 ). Memory bias in long-term close relationships: Consistency or improvement? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 , 959 – 970 .
  • Mark , M. M. , Boburka , R. R. , Eyssell , K. M. , Cohen , L. L. , & Mellor , S. ( 2003 ). “I couldn't have seen it coming”: The impact of negative self-relevant outcomes on retrospections about foreseeability . Memory , 11 , 443 – 454 .
  • Mazursky , D. , & Ofir , C. ( 1990 ). “I could never have expected it to happen”: The reversal of the hindsight bias . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 46 , 20 – 33 .
  • McFarland , C. , & Alvaro , C. ( 2000 ). The impact of motivation on temporal comparisons: Coping with traumatic events by perceiving personal growth . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 , 327 – 343 .
  • Myers , D. G. ( 1999 ). Social psychology ( , 6th ed. ). Boston : McGraw-Hill .
  • Myers , D. G. , & Bolt , M. ( 1999 ). Study guide to accompany social psychology ( , 6th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill .
  • Pohl , R. F. ( 2007 ). Ways to assess hindsight bias . Social Cognition , 25 , 14 – 31 .
  • Roese , N. J. ( 2004 ). Twisted pair: Counterfactual thinking and the hindsight bias . In D. J. Koehler & N. Harvey (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 258 – 273 ). Malden , MA : Blackwell .
  • Ross , M. , & Wilson , A. E. ( 2002 ). It feels like yesterday: Self-esteem, valence of personal past experiences, and judgments of subjective distance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82 , 792 – 803 .
  • Rusbult , C. E. ( 1980 ). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 16 , 172 – 186 .
  • Ryff , C. D. ( 1989 ). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 , 1069 – 1081 .
  • Sanna , L. J. , & Chang , E. C. ( 2003 ). The past is not what it used to be: Optimists' use of retroactive pessimism to diminish the sting of failure . Journal of Research in Personality , 37 , 388 – 404 .
  • Sanna , L. J. , & Schwarz , N. ( 2003 ). Debiasing the hindsight bias: The role of accessibility experiences and (mis)attributions . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 39 , 287 – 295 .
  • Sanna , L. J. , & Schwarz , N. ( 2007 ). Metacognitive experiences and hindsight bias: It's not just the thought (content) that counts! Social Cognition , 25 , 185 – 202 .
  • Sanna , L. J. , Schwarz , N. , & Small , E. M. ( 2002 ). Accessibility experiences and the hindsight bias: I knew it all along versus it could never have happened . Memory and Cognition , 30 , 1288 – 1296 .
  • Tykocinski , O. E. ( 2001 ). I never had a chance: Using hindsight tactics to mitigate disappointments . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 , 376 – 382 .
  • Werth , L. , & Strack , F. ( 2003 ). An inferential approach to the knew-it-all-along phenomenon . Memory , 11 , 411 – 419 .
  • Wilson , A. E. , & Ross , M. ( 2001 ). From chump to champ: People's appraisals of their earlier and present selves . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 , 572 – 584 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.