Sustaining Primary Control Striving for Achievement Goals During Challenging Developmental Transitions: The Role of Secondary Control Strategies

REFERENCES

• Barefoot , B. O. ( 2004 ). Higher education's revolving door: Confronting the problem of student drop-out in U.S. colleges and universities . Open Learning , 19 , 9 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. ( 2001 ). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Chipperfield , J. G. , & Perry , R. P. ( 2006 ). Primary- and secondary-control strategies in later life: Predicting hospital outcomes in men and women . Health Psychology , 25 , 226 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chipperfield , J. G. , Perry , R. P. , Bailis , D. S. , Ruthig , J. C. , & Chuchmach , L. P. ( 2007 ). Gender differences in use of primary and secondary control strategies in older adults with major health problems . Psychology and Health , 22 , 83 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels , L. M. ( 2009 ). Goals and control: Exploring relationships between two types of motivational constructs and their effects on university students' emotions and achievement (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels , L. M. , Haynes , T. L. , Stupnisky , R. H. , Perry , R. P. , Newall , N. E. , & Pekrun , R. ( 2008 ). Individual differences in achievement goals: A longitudinal study of cognitive, emotional, and achievement outcomes . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 33 , 584 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels , L. M. , Stupnisky , R. H. , Pekrun , R. , Haynes , T. L. , Perry , R. P. , & Newall , N. E. ( 2009 ). A longitudinal analysis of achievement goals: From affective antecedents to emotional effects and achievement outcomes . Journal of Educational Psychology , 101 , 948 – 963 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. , & Leggett , E. L. ( 1988 ). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality . Psychology Review , 95 , 256 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , A. J. , & Church , M. A. ( 1997 ). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 13 , 73 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , A. J. , & McGregor , H. A. ( 2001 ). A 2×2 achievement goal framework . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 , 501 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , R. S. ( 2005 ). Improving the first year of college: Research and practice . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , H. , & Dweck , C. S. ( 2003 ). Clarifying achievement goals and their impact . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 , 541 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase , C. M. , Heckhausen , J. , & Köller , O. ( 2008 ). Goal engagement during the school–work transition: Beneficial for all, particularly for girls . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 18 , 671 – 698 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , N. C. , Chipperfield , J. G. , Heckhausen , J. , & Perry , R. P. ( 2010 ). Control striving in older adults with serious health problems: A 9-year longitudinal study of survival, health, and well-being . Psychology and Aging , 25 , 432 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , N. C. , Perry , R. P. , Goetz , T. , Ruthig , J. C. , Stupnisky , R. H. , & Newall , N. E. ( 2007 ). Attributional retraining and elaborative learning: Improving academic development through writing-based interventions . Learning and Individual Differences , 17 , 280 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm , J. M. , Stewart , T. L. , Perry , R. P. , Chipperfield , J. G. , Boese , G. D. , & Dubberley , K. M. A. ( 2011 , April ). Just focus! The sustaining effects of selective secondary control in low control achievement settings. Paper presented at the Western Psychological Association Conference, Los Angeles, California.
   Google Scholar
• Harackiewicz , J. M. , Barron , K. E. , Tauer , J. M. , Carter , S. M. , & Elliot , A. J. (2000). Short-term and long-term consequences of achievement goals: Predicting interest and performance over time. Journal of Educational Psychology , 92, 316–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes , T. L. , Heckhausen , J. , Chipperfield , J. G. , Perry , R. P. , & Newall , N. E. ( 2009 ). Primary and secondary control strategies: Implications for health and well-being among older adults . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 28 , 165 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckhausen , J. ( 1997 ). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related changes . Developmental Psychology , 33 , 176 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckhausen , J. ( 1999 ). Developmental regulation in adulthood: Age-normative and sociostructural constraints as adaptive challenges . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heckhausen , J. , & Schulz , R. ( 1995 ). A life-span theory of control . Psychological Review , 102 , 284 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckhausen , J. , Schulz , R. , & Wrosch , C. ( 1998 ). Developmental regulation in adulthood: Optimization in primary and secondary control—A multiscale questionnaire (Tech. Rep.) . Berlin , Germany : Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education .
   Google Scholar
• Heckhausen , J. , Wrosch , C. , & Fleeson , W. ( 2001 ). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of “biological clock” for childbearing . Psychology and Aging , 16 , 400 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckhausen , J. , Wrosch , C. , & Schulz , R. ( 2010 ). A motivational theory of life-span development . Psychological Review , 117 , 32 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulleman , C. S. , Schrager , S. M. , Bodmann , S. M. , & Harackiewicz , J. M. ( 2010 ). A meta-analytic review of achievement goal measures: Different labels for the same constructs or different constructs with similar labels? Psychological Bulletin , 136 , 422 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liem , A. D. , Lau , S. , & Nie , Y. ( 2008 ). The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disengagement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 33 , 486 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neter , J. , Kutner , N. H. , Nachtsheim , C. J. , & Wasserman , W. ( 1996 ). Applied linear regression models () , 3rd ed. . Chicago , IL : Irwin .
   Google Scholar
• Pekrun , R. ( 2006 ). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice . Educational Psychology Review , 18 , 315 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekrun , R. , Goetz , T. , Daniels , L. M. , Stupnisky , R. H. , & Perry , R. P. ( 2010 ). Boredom in achievement settings: Exploring control-value antecedents and performance outcomes of a neglected emotion . Journal of Educational Psychology , 102 , 531 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , R. P. ( 1991 ). Perceived control in college students: Implications for instruction in higher education . In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research: Vol. 7 (pp. 1 – 56 ). New York , NY : Agathon .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , R. P. ( 2003 ). Perceived (academic) control and causal thinking in achievement settings: Markers and mediators . Canadian Psychologist , 44 , 312 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , R. P. , Hladkyj , S. , Pekrun , R. H. , Clifton , R. A. , & Chipperfield , J. G. ( 2005 ). Perceived academic control and failure in college students: A three-year study of scholastic attainment . Research in Higher Education , 46 , 535 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , R. P. , Hladkyj , S. , Pekrun , R. H. , & Pelletier , S. T. ( 2001 ). Academic control and action control in the academic achievement of students: A longitudinal field study of self-regulation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 , 776 – 789 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , R. P. , Stupnisky , R. H. , Hall , N. C. , Chipperfield , J. G. , & Weiner , B. ( 2010 ). Bad starts and better finishes: Attributional retraining and initial performance in competitive achievement settings . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 29 , 668 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan , H. P. ( 2011 ). Cognitive processes in university learning: A developmental framework using structural equation modelling . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 , 509 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P. R. , Smith , D. A. , Garcia , T. , & McKeachie , W. J. ( 1993 ). Reliability and predictive validity of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 53 , 801 – 813 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin , M. J. , & Heckhausen , J. ( 2007 ). Stressful events compromise control strivings during a major life transition . Motivation and Emotion , 31 , 300 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. , & Hayes , A. F. ( 2008 ). Asymptomatic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models . Behavior Research Methods , 40 , 879 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , J. ( 2001 ). Beyond college for all: Career paths for the forgotten half . New York , NY : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Schulz , R. , & Heckhausen , J. ( 1996 ). A life span model of successful aging . American Psychologist , 51 , 702 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. , & Fidell , L. S. ( 2007 ). Using multivariate statistics () , 5th ed. . Boston , MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Tinto , V. ( 2010 ). From theory to action: Exploring the institutional conditions for student retention . In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research ( Vol. 25 , pp. 51 – 89 ). New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , H. , Becker , S. , Burmedi , D. , & Schilling , O. ( 2004 ). The role of primary and secondary control in adaptation to age-related vision loss: A study of older adults with macular degeneration . Psychology and Aging , 19 , 235 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrosch , C. , & Heckhausen , J. ( 1999 ). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 , 415 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrosch , C. , & Schulz , R. ( 2008 ). Health-engagement control strategies and 2-year changes in older adults' physical health . Psychological Science , 19 , 537 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrosch , C. , Schulz , R. , Miller , G. E. , Lupien , S. , & Dunne , E. ( 2007 ). Physical health problems, depressive mood, and cortisol secretion in old age: Buffer effects of health engagement control strategies . Health Psychology , 26 , 341 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar