702
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Reducing Implicit Stigmatizing Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Depression by Promoting Counterstereotypic Exemplars

References

  • Aakre, J. M., Lucksted, A., & Browning-McNee, L. A. (2016). Evaluation of youth mental health first aid USA: A program to assist young people in psychological distress. Psychological Services, 13(2), 121–126. doi:10.1037/ser0000063
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Amodio, D. M., Devine, P. G., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2008). Individual differences in the regulation of intergroup bias: The role of conflict monitoring and neural signals for control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 60–74. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.60
  • Asgari, S., Dasgupta, N., & Stout, J. G. (2012). When do counterstereotypic ingroup members inspire versus deflate? The effect of successful professional women on young women’s leadership self-concept. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(3), 370–383. doi:10.1177/0146167211431968
  • Banse, R., Seise, J., & Zerbes, N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48(2), 145–160.
  • Barnes-Holmes, D., Murtagh, L., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2010). Using the implicit association test and the implicit relational assessment procedure to measure attitudes toward meat and vegetables in vegetarians and meat-eaters. Psychological Record, 60(2), 287–305.
  • Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., & Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 828–841. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.828
  • Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., & Burrows, C. N. (2015). Implications of the implicit association test D-transformation for psychological assessment. Assessment, 22(4), 429–440. doi:10.1177/1073191114551382
  • Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., Strauts, E., Mitchell, G., & Tetlock, P. E. (2015). Toward a meaningful metric of implicit prejudice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(5), 1468–1481. doi:10.1037/a0038379
  • Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 631–643. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.4.631
  • Clark, D. C., & Fawcett, J. (1992). Review of empirical risk factors for evaluation of the suicidal patient. In B. M. Bongar (Ed.), Suicide: Guidelines for assessment, management, and treatment (pp. 16–48). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Clow, K. A., & Esses, V. M. (2005). The development of group stereotypes from descriptions of group members: An individual difference approach. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(4), 429–445. doi:10.1177/1368430205056469
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., Brown, A. S., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2010). Faking of the implicit association test is statistically detectable and partly correctable. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 302–314. doi:10.1080/01973533.2010.519236
  • Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 800–814. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.800
  • Devine, P. G., Forscher, P. S., Austin, A. J., & Cox, W. T. L. (2012). Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(6), 1267–1278. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.06.003
  • Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 835–848. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.5.835
  • Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(5), 510–540. doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1331
  • Fiedler, K., & Bluemke, M. (2005). Faking the IAT: Aided and unaided response control on the implicit association tests. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(4), 307–316. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2704_3
  • Finkelstein, J., & Lapshin, O. (2007). Reducing depression stigma using a web-based program. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 76(10), 726–734. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.07.004
  • Fujii, T., Sawaumi, T., & Aikawa, A. (2014). Discrepancy between explicit/implicit self-esteem and narcissism. Japanese Journal of Research on Emotions, 21(3), 162–168.
  • Gawronski, B. (2009). Ten frequently asked questions about implicit measures and their frequently supposed, but not entirely correct answers. Canadian Psychology, 50(3), 141–150. doi:10.1037/a0013848
  • Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006a). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 692–731. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
  • Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006b). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: Conceptual, empirical, and metatheoretical issues. Reply to Albarracin, Hart, and McCulloch (2006), Kruglanski and Dechesne (2006), and Petty and Briñol (2006). Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 745–750. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.745
  • Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2007). Unraveling the processes underlying evaluation: Attitudes from the perspective of the ape model. Social Cognition, 25(5), 687–717. doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.687
  • Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the implicit association test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(4), 553–561. doi:10.1037/pspa0000016
  • Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109(1), 3–25. doi:10.1037//0033-295x.109.1.3
  • Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
  • Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
  • Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 17–41. doi:10.1037/a0015575
  • Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., Jorm, A. F., Evans, K., & Groves, C. (2004). Effect of web-based depression literacy and cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions on stigmatising attitudes to depression: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 342–349. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.4.342
  • Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1369–1385. doi:10.1177/0146167205275613
  • Holmes, E. P., Corrigan, P. W., Williams, P., Canar, J., & Kubiak, M. A. (1999). Changing attitudes about schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(3), 447–456. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033392
  • Ingram, R. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2005). Vulnerability-stress models. In B. L. Hankin & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.), Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability stress perspective (pp. 32–46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Jorm, A. F. (2012). Mental health literacy: Empowering the community to take action for better mental health. American Psychologist, 67(3), 231–243. doi:10.1037/a0025957
  • Jorm, A. F., Blewitt, K. A., Griffiths, K. M., Kitchener, B. A., & Parslow, R. A. (2005). Mental health first aid responses of the public: Results from an Australian national survey. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 9. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-5-9
  • Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., & Mugford, S. K. (2005). Experiences in applying skills learned in a mental health first aid training course: A qualitative study of participants’ stories. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 43. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-5-43
  • Kashihara, J. (2015). Examination of stigmatizing beliefs about depression and stigma-reduction effects of education by using implicit measures. Psychological Reports, 116(2), 337–362. doi:10.2466/15.PR0.116k20w9
  • Kashihara, J. (2016a). Development and validation of the Japanese-translated version of the personal need for structure scale. Psychology, 7, 399–409. doi:10.4236/psych.2016.73042
  • Kashihara, J. (2016b). Holding prejudices against people with depression affects intentions of personal rejection and supporting behaviors: A questionnaire-based experiment. Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16(5), 591–599. ( In Japanese with English abstract).
  • Kashihara, J. (2016c). Prototype analysis on beliefs about people with depression: Examining Japanese university students. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 87(2), 111–121. doi:10.4992/jjpsy.87.14071 ( In Japanese with English abstract).
  • Kashihara, J., Kawai, T., & Umegaki, Y. (2014). A comprehensive review of research on stigmatizing attitudes toward depression: Proposing the use of implicit measures for future investigation. Japanese Psychological Review, 57(4), 455–471.
  • Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., & van Kamp, S. (2005). Kicking the habit: Effects of nonstereotypic association training and correction processes on hiring decisions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(1), 68–75. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.05.004
  • Kim, D. Y. (2003). Voluntary controllability of the implicit association test (IAT). Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(1), 83–96. doi:10.2307/3090143
  • Kitchener, B. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2008). Mental health first aid: An international programme for early intervention. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 2(1), 55–61. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00056.x
  • Kurita, T., & Kusumi, T. (2009). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward people with disabilities and effects of the internal and external sources of motivation to moderating prejudice. Psychologia, 52(4), 253–260. doi:10.2117/psysoc.2009.253
  • Lai, C. K., Marini, M., Lehr, S. A., Cerruti, C., Shin, J.-E. L., Joy-Gaba, J. A., … Nosek, B. A. (2014). Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(4), 1765–1785. doi:10.1037/a0036260
  • Lincoln, T. M., Arens, E., Berger, C., & Rief, W. (2008). Can antistigma campaigns be improved? A test of the impact of biogenetic vs psychosocial causal explanations on implicit and explicit attitudes to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(5), 984–994. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm131
  • Millisecond Software. (2016). Inquisit 5.0.3.0. Seattle, WA: Author.
  • Monteith, L. L., & Pettit, J. W. (2011). Implicit and explicit stigmatizing attitudes and stereotypes about depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(5), 484–505. doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.5.484
  • Nesse, R. M., & Williams, G. C. (1994). Why we get sick. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
  • Neuberg, S. L., & Newsom, J. T. (1993). Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(1), 113–131. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.1.113
  • Neumann, R., Hulsenbeck, K., & Seibt, B. (2004). Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(4), 543–550. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.006
  • Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The implicit association test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp. 265–292). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • O’Driscoll, C., Heary, C., Hennessy, E., & McKeague, L. (2012). Explicit and implicit stigma towards peers with mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(10), 1054–1062. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02580.x
  • Oswald, F. L., Mitchell, G., Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., & Tetlock, P. E. (2013). Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(2), 171–192. doi:10.1037/a0032734
  • Paykel, E. S., Hart, D., & Priest, R. G. (1998). Changes in public attitudes to depression during the defeat depression campaign. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 519–522. doi:10.1192/bjp.173.6.519
  • Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 811–832. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.3.811
  • Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., & Gary, M. L. (2001). “Unlearning” automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 856–868. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.856
  • Rusch, L. C., Kanter, J. W., & Brondino, M. J. (2009). A comparison of contextual and biomedical models of stigma reduction for depression with a nonclinical undergraduate sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(2), 104–110. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318192416f
  • Schaller, M., Boyd, C., Yohannes, J., & Obrien, M. (1995). The prejudiced personality revisited: Personal need for structure and formation of erroneous group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 544–555. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.544
  • Schomerus, G., Angermeyer, M. C., Baumeister, S. E., Stolzenburg, S., Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2016). An online intervention using information on the mental health-mental illness continuum to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry, 32, 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.11.006
  • Schomerus, G., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2013). Continuum beliefs and stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with schizophrenia, depression and alcohol dependence. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 665–669. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.006
  • Sherwood, C., Salkovskis, P. M., & Rimes, K. A. (2007). Help-seeking for depression: The role of beliefs, attitudes and mood. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35(5), 541–554. doi:10.1017/s1352465807003815
  • Smith, E. R. (1998). Mental representation and memory. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 4th ed., pp. 391–445). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
  • Sriram, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009). The brief implicit association test. Experimental Psychology, 56(4), 283–294. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.283
  • Sritharan, R., & Gawronski, B. (2010). Changing implicit and explicit prejudice: Insights from the associative-propositional evaluation model. Social Psychology, 41(3), 113–123. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000017
  • Steffens, M. C. (2004). Is the implicit association test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51(3), 165–179. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.51.3.165
  • Teachman, B. A., Wilson, J. G., & Komarovskaya, I. (2006). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness in diagnosed and healthy samples. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 75–95. doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.1.75
  • Thomas, D. R., & Zumbo, B. D. (2012). Difference scores from the point of view of reliability and repeated-measures ANOVA: In defense of difference scores for data analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(1), 37–43. doi:10.1177/0013164411409929
  • Trafimow, D. (2014). Estimating true standard deviations. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 235. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00235
  • Trafimow, D. (2015). A defense against the alleged unreliability of difference scores. Cogent Mathematics, 2(1), 1064626. doi:10.1080/23311835.2015.1064626
  • Trafimow, D., & Marks, M. (2015). Editorial. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(1), 1–2. doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1012991
  • van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 179–195. doi:10.1017/s0033291708003814
  • Wiesjahn, M., Brabban, A., Jung, E., Gebauer, U. B., & Lincoln, T. M. (2014). Are continuum beliefs about psychotic symptoms associated with stereotypes about schizophrenia? Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches, 6(1), 50–60. doi:10.1080/17522439.2012.740068
  • Wiesjahn, M., Jung, E., Kremser, J. D., Rief, W., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). The potential of continuum versus biogenetic beliefs in reducing stigmatization against persons with schizophrenia: An experimental study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 50, 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.09.007
  • World Health Organization. (2012). Depression: A global public health concern. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/who_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.