926
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Aversive Affect Versus Racism as Predictors of Racial Discrimination in Helping

, , &

References

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Bailenson, J. N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A. C., & Loomis, J. M. (2001). Equilibrium theory revisited: Mutual gaze and personal space in virtual environments. Presence : Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10(6), 583–598. doi:10.1162/105474601753272844
  • Baron, R. A. (1997). The sweet smell of…helping: Effects of pleasant ambient fragrance on prosocial behavior in shopping malls. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(5), 498–503. doi:10.1177/0146167297235005
  • Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924–973. doi:10.1177/0899764010380927
  • Bernard, D. L., McManus, J. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2014). Blacks in the red: Racial discrimination in funding allocations. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 19(1), 28–35. doi:10.24839/2164-8204.JN19.1.28
  • Brehm, J. W. (1999). The intensity of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(1), 2–22. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0301_1
  • Brigham, J. C. (1993). College students’ racial attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(23), 1933–1967. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01074.x
  • Carlson, M., Charlin, V., & Miller, N. (1988). Positive mood and helping behavior: A test of six hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 211–229. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.211
  • Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (1987). Explanation of the relation between negative mood and helping. Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 91–108. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.91
  • Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale, MI: Erlbaum.
  • Coke, J. S., Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. (1978). Empathic mediation of helping: A two-stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(7), 752–766. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.752
  • Crosby, F., Bromley, S., & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87(3), 546–563. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.3.546
  • Cuddy, A. J. C., Rock, M. S., & Norton, M. I. (2007). Aid in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: Inferences of secondary emotions and intergroup helping. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10(1), 107–118. doi:10.1177/1368430207071344
  • Cunningham, M. R. (1979). Weather, mood, and helping behavior: Quasi experiments with the sunshine Samaritan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 1947–1956. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.1947
  • Devine, P. G., Monteith, M. J., Zuwerink, J. R., & Elliot, A. J. (1991). Prejudice with and without compunction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6), 817–830. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1802_2
  • Dewever, M. K. (1977). Nursing home patients’ perceptions of nurses’ affective touching. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 96(2), 163–171. doi:10.1080/00223980.1977.9915897
  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11(4), 315–319. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00262
  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004). Aversive racism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 1–52.
  • Estrada-Hollenbeck, M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1998). Avoiding and alleviating guilt through prosocial behavior. In J. Bybee (Ed.), Guilt and children (pp. 215–231). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Evans, G. W., & Werner, R. E. (2007). Crowding and personal space invasions on the train: Please don’t make me sit in the middle. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(1), 90–94. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.10.002
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. doi:10.3758/BF03193146
  • Forgas, J. P., Dunn, E., & Granland, S. (2008). Are you being served…? An unobtrusive experiment of affective influences on helping in a department store. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(2), 333–342. doi:10.1002/ejsp.455
  • Frieman, J., Saucier, D. A., & Miller, S. S. (2018). Principles and methods of statistical analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Gaertner, S., & Bickman, L. (1971). Effects of race on the elicitation of helping behavior: The wrong number technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 20(2), 218–222. doi:10.1037/h0031681
  • Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61–89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
  • Gamberini, L., Chittaro, L., Spagnolli, A., & Carlesso, C. (2015). Psychological response to an emergency in virtual reality: Effects of victim ethnicity and emergency type of helping behavior and navigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 104–113. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.040
  • Goff, P. A., Steele, C. M., & Davies, P. G. (2008). The space between us: Stereotype threat and distance in interracial contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 91–107. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.91
  • Guéguen, N. (2012). The sweet smell of… implicit helping: Effects of pleasant ambient fragrance on spontaneous help in shopping malls. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(4), 397–400. doi:10.1080/00224545.2011.630434
  • Harris, M. B., Benson, S. M., & Hall, C. L. (1975). The effects of confession on altruism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 96(2), 187–192. doi:10.1080/00224545.1975.9923284
  • Henkel, K. E., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Institutional discrimination, individual racism, and Hurricane Katrina. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 6(1), 99–124. doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2006.00106.x
  • Isen, A. M., & Levin, P. F. (1972). Effect of feeling good on helping: cookies and kindness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21(3), 384–388.
  • Isen, A. M., & Simmonds, S. F. (1978). The effect of feeling good on a helping task that is incompatible with good mood. Social Psychology, 41(4), 346–349. doi:10.2307/3033588
  • Kaya, N., & Erkip, F. (1999). Invasion of personal space under the condition of short-term crowding: A case study on an automatic teller machine. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(2), 183–189. doi:10.1006/jevp.1999.0125
  • Kunstman, J., & Plant, E. A. (2008). Racing to help: Racial bias in high emergency helping situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1499–1510. doi:10.1037/a0012822
  • Levin, P. F., & Isen, A. M. (1975). Further studies on the effect of feeling good on helping. Sociometry, 38(1), 141–147. doi:10.2307/2786238
  • Levine, M., Cassidy, C., Brazier, G., & Reicher, S. (2002). Self-categorization and bystander non-intervention: Two experimental studies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(7), 1452–1463. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01446.x
  • Levine, M., & Crowther, S. (2008). The responsive bystander: How social group membership and group size can encourage as well as inhibit bystander intervention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1429–1439. doi:10.1037/a0012634
  • McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563–579. doi:10.1177/002200278102500401
  • McManus, J. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2012). Helping natural disaster victims depends on characteristics and perceptions of victims. A response to “who helps natural disaster victims?” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 12(1), 272–275. doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2012.01287.x
  • Meiring, L., Subramoney, S., Thomas, K. G. F., Decety, J., & Fourie, M. M. (2014). Empathy and helping: Effects of racial group membership and cognitive load. South African Journal of Psychology, 44(4), 426–438. doi:10.1177/0081246314530280
  • Miller, C. (2009). Social psychology, mood, and helping: Mixed results for virtue ethics. The Journal of Ethics, 13(2–3), 145–173. doi:10.1007/s10892-009-9046-2
  • Niesta Kayser, D., Greitemeyer, T., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). Why mood affects help giving, but not moral courage: Comparing two types of prosocial behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(7), 1136–1157. doi:10.1002/ejsp.717
  • North, A. C., Tarrant, M., & Hargreaves, D. J. (2004). The effects of music on helping behavior: A field study. Environment and Behavior, 36(2), 266–275. doi:10.1177/0013916503256263
  • Pearson, A. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2009). The nature or contemporary prejudice: Insights from aversive racism. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(3), 314–338. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00227.x
  • Piliavin, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Clark, R. D. (1981). Emergency Intervention. New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 790–801. doi:10.1177/0146167203029006011
  • Rosenhan, D. L., Salovey, P., & Hargis, K. (1981). The joys of helping: Focus of attention mediates the impact of positive affect on altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(5), 899–905. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.5.899
  • Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., & Rosenhan, D. L. (1991). Mood and helping: Mood as a motivator of helping and helping as a regulator of mood. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, Vol. 12. Prosocial behavior (pp. 215–237). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Sardar, A., Joose, M., Weiss, A., & Evers, V. (2012). Don’t stand so close to me : Users’ attitudinal and behavioral responses to personal space invasions by robots. Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 229–230.
  • Saucier, D. A. (2015). Race and prosocial behavior. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 392–414). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Saucier, D. A., McManus, J. L., & Smith, S. J. (2010). Discrimination against outgroup members in helping situations. In S. Sturmer & M. Snyder (Eds.), The psychology of prosocial behavior: Group processes, intergroup relations, and helping (pp. 103–120). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Saucier, D. A., & Miller, C. T. (2003). The pervasiveness of racial arguments as a subtle measure of racism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(10), 1303–1315. doi:10.1177/0146167203254612
  • Saucier, D. A., Miller, C., & Doucet, N. (2005). Differences in helping Whites and Blacks: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 2–16. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_1
  • Saucier, D. A., Smith, S. J., & McManus, J. L. (2007). The possible role of discrimination in the rescue response after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Race and Policy, 3, 113–121.
  • Siem, B., Lotz-Schmitt, K., & Sturmer, S. (2014). To help or not to help an outgroup member: The role of the target’s individual attributions in resolving potential helpers’ motivational conflict. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(4), 297–312. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2017
  • Sturmer, S., Snyder, M., Kropp, A., & Siem, B. (2006). Empathy-motivated helping: The moderating role of group membership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 943–956. doi:10.1177/0146167206287363
  • Sun, S., Zagefka, H., & Goodwin, R. (2013). Predictors of intergroup concern for disaster victims of the Japan earthquake. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(2), 152–157. doi:10.1111/ajsp.12023
  • Triplett, J. (2012). Racial bias and prosocial behavior. Sociology Compass, 6(1), 86–96. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00433.x
  • van Leeuwen, E. (2006). Restoring identity through outgroup helping: Beliefs about international aid in response to the December 2004 tsunami. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(4), 661–671. doi:10.1002/ejsp.389

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.