North American Clovis Point Form and Performance IV: An Experimental Assessment of Knife Edge Effectiveness and Wear

References

• Barham, L. (2013). From hand to handle: The first industrial revolution. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bebber, M. R., Key, A. J., Fisch, M., Meindl, R. S., & Eren, M. I. (2019). The exceptional abandonment of metal tools by North American hunter-gatherers, 3000 BP. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–4. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42185-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bebber, M. R., Norris, J. D., Flood, K., Fisch, M., Meindl, R. S., & Eren, M. I. (2019). Controlled experiments support the role of function in the evolution of the North American copper tool repertoire. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 26, 101917. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101917
   Google Scholar
• Bilbao, I., Rios-Garaizar, J., & Arrizabalaga, A. (2019). Relationship between size and precision of flake technology in the Middle Paleolithic. An Experimental Study. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 25, 530–547. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.006
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, B., Kilby, J. D., Huckell, B. B., O'brien, M. J., & Collard, M. (2012). A morphometric assessment of the intended function of cached Clovis points. PLoS One, 7(2), e30530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, B., O’Brien, M. J., & Collard, M. (2014). Continent-wide or region-specific? A geometric morphometrics-based assessment of variation in Clovis point shape. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 6(2), 145–162. doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0168-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson, C., Haslam, M., & Harris, C. (2015). When to retouch, haft, or discard? Modeling optimal use/maintenance schedules in lithic tool use. In N. Goodale, & W. Andrefsky (Eds.), Lithic technological systems and evolutionary theory (pp. 117–138). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coe, D., Barham, L., Gardiner, J., & Crompton, R. (2022). A biomechanical investigation of the efficiency hypothesis of hafted tool technology. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 19(188), 20210660. doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, S. (2008). Experimental investigations into edge performance and its implications for stone artefact reduction modelling. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(8), 2164–2170. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Bebber, M. R., Knell, E. J., Story, B., & Buchanan, B. (2022). Plains Paleoindian projectile point penetration potential. Journal of Anthropological Research, 78(1), 84–112. doi:10.1086/717831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Bebber, M. R., Miller, G. L., Buchanan, B., Boulanger, M., & Patten, R. J. (2018). Description, morphometrics, and microwear of late Pleistocene-early holocene artifacts from Southwestern Kentucky. USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 20, 516–523. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.04.038
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Bebber, M. R., Wilcox, D., Story, B., & Buchanan, B. (2022). North American clovis point form and performance II: An experimental assessment of point, haft, and shaft durability. Lithic Technology, 47(1), 38–51. doi:10.1080/01977261.2021.1926724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., & Buchanan, B. (2016). Clovis technology. eLS, 1–9. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0026512
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Buchanan, B., & O’Brien, M. J. (2015). Social learning and technological evolution during the Clovis colonization of the New World. Journal of Human Evolution, 80, 159–170. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Lycett, S. J., Patten, R. J., Buchanan, B., Pargeter, J., & O’Brien, M. J. (2016). Test, model, and method validation: The role of experimental stone artifact replication in hypothesis-driven archaeology. Ethnoarchaeology, 8(2), 103–136. doi:10.1080/19442890.2016.1213972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Meltzer, D. J., Story, B., Buchanan, B., Yeager, D., & Bebber, M. R. (2021). On the efficacy of Clovis fluted points for hunting proboscideans. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 39, 103166. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103166
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Meltzer, D. J., Story, B., Buchanan, B., Yeager, D., & Bebber, M. R. (2022). Not just for proboscidean hunting: On the efficacy and functions of Clovis fluted points. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 45, 103601. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103601
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., Story, B., Perrone, A., Bebber, M., Hamilton, M., Walker, R., & Buchanan, B. (2020). North American Clovis point form and performance: An experimental assessment of penetration depth. Lithic Technology, 45(4), 263–282. doi:10.1080/01977261.2020.1794358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frison, G. C. (1989). Experimental use of Clovis weaponry and tools on African elephants. American Antiquity, 54(4), 766–784. doi:10.2307/280681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gala, N., Mika, A., Wilson, M., Williams, J., Buchanan, B., Walker, R. S., Bebber, M. R., & Eren, M. I. (2022). Experimental assessment of obsidian versus chert lanceolate projectile point durability and robusticity: Semi-static fracture strength and dynamic impact. Archaeometry, In Press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galán, A. B., & Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. (2014). Testing the efficiency of simple flakes, retouched flakes and small handaxes during butchery. Archaeometry, 56(6), 1054–1074. doi:10.1111/arcm.12064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingerich, J. A., & Stanford, D. J. (2018). Lessons from Ginsberg: An analysis of elephant butchery tools. Quaternary International, 466, 269–283. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.03.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürbüz, R. B., & Lycett, S. J. (2021a). Could woodworking have driven lithic tool selection? Journal of Human Evolution, 156, 102999. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürbüz, R. B., & Lycett, S. J. (2021b). Did the use of bone flakes precede the use of knapped stone flakes in hominin meat processing and could this be detectable archaeologically? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 62, 101305. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M. J., & Buchanan, B. (2009). The accumulation of stochastic copying errors causes drift in culturally transmitted technologies: Quantifying Clovis evolutionary dynamics. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 28(1), 55–69. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2008.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckell, B. B. (1979). Of chipped stone tools, elephants, and the Clovis hunters: an experiment. Plains Anthropologist, 24(85), 177–190. doi:10.1080/2052546.1979.11908930
   Google Scholar
• Ibáñez, J. J., & Mazzucco, N. (2021). Quantitative use-wear analysis of stone tools: Measuring how the intensity of use affects the identification of the worked material. PLoS ONE, 16, e0257266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, T. A., & Smallwood, A. M. (2019). The Clovis record. SAA Archaeological Record, 19, 45–50.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, T. A., Smallwood, A. M., & Pevny, C. D. (2021). Reviewing the role of experimentation in reconstructing Paleoamerican lithic technologies. PaleoAmerica, 7(1), 53–67. doi:10.1080/20555563.2020.1848269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobson, R. W. (1986). Stone tool morphology and rabbit butchering. Lithic Technology, 15(1), 9–20. doi:10.1080/01977261.1986.11720862
   Google Scholar
• Jones, P. R. (1980). Experimental butchery with modern stone tools and its relevance for Palaeolithic archaeology. World Archaeology, 12(2), 153–165. doi:10.1080/00438243.1980.9979789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, P. R. (1994). Results of experimental work in relation to the stone industries of Olduvai Gorge. In M. D. Leakey, & D. Roe (Eds.), Olduvai Gorge, 5, 1968-1971 (pp. 254–298). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keeley, L. H. (1980). Experimental determination of stone tool Use. A micro-wear analysis. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Key, A., Farr, I., Hunter, R., Mika, A., Eren, M. I., & Winter, S. L. (2021). Why invent the handle? Electromyography (EMG) and efficiency of use data investigating the prehistoric origin and selection of hafted stone knives. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 13(1), 1–16. doi:10.1007/s12520-020-01240-w
   Google Scholar
• Key, A., Fisch, M. R., & Eren, M. I. (2018). Early stage blunting causes rapid reductions in stone tool performance. Journal of Archaeological Science, 91, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A., & Lycett, S. J. (2020). Torque creation and force variation along the cutting edges of Acheulean handaxes: Implications for tip thinning, resharpening and tranchet flake removals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 120, 105189. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A., Merritt, S. R., & Kivell, T. L. (2018). Hand grip diversity and frequency during the use of lower palaeolithic stone cutting-tools. Journal of Human Evolution, 125, 137–158. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A., Pargeter, J., & Schmidt, P. (2021). Heat treatment significantly increases the sharpness of silcrete stone tools. Archaeometry, 63(3), 447–466. doi:10.1111/arcm.12619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A., Proffitt, T., & de la Torre, I. (2020). Raw material optimization and stone tool engineering in the early stone Age of Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 17(162), 20190377. doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A., Young, J., Fisch, M. R., Chaney, M. E., Kramer, A., & Eren, M. I. (2018). Comparing the use of meat and clay during cutting and projectile research. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 192, 163–175. doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J. (2013). Applied force as a determining factor in lithic use-wear accrual: An experimental investigation of its validity as a method with which to infer hominin upper limb biomechanics. Lithic Technology, 38(1), 32–45. doi:10.1179/0197726113Z.0000000001
   Google Scholar
• Key, A. J. (2016). Integrating mechanical and ergonomic research within functional and morphological analyses of lithic cutting technology: key principles and future experimental directions. Ethnoarchaeology, 8(1), 69–89. doi:10.1080/19442890.2016.1150626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J., & Lycett, S. J. (2011). Technology based evolution? A biometric test of the effects of handsize versus tool form on efficiency in an experimental cutting task. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(7), 1663–1670. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.02.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J., & Lycett, S. J. (2014). Are bigger flakes always better? An experimental assessment of flake size variation on cutting efficiency and loading. Journal of Archaeological Science, 41, 140–146. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J., & Lycett, S. J. (2015). Edge angle as a variably influential factor in flake cutting efficiency: An experimental investigation of its relationship with tool size and loading. Archaeometry, 57(5), 911–927. doi:10.1111/arcm.12140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J., & Lycett, S. J. (2017). Influence of handaxe size and shape on cutting efficiency: A large-scale experiment and morphometric analysis. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 24(2), 514–541. doi:10.1007/s10816-016-9276-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J., & Lycett, S. J. (2018). Investigating interrelationships between lower palaeolithic stone tool effectiveness and tool user biometric variation: Implications for technological and evolutionary changes. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 10(5), 989–1006. doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0433-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J., & Lycett, S. J. (2019). Biometric variables predict stone tool functional performance more effectively than tool-form attributes: A case study in handaxe loading capabilities. Archaeometry, 61(3), 539–555. doi:10.1111/arcm.12439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J., Proffitt, T., Stefani, E., & Lycett, S. J. (2016). Looking at handaxes from another angle: Assessing the ergonomic and functional importance of edge form in Acheulean bifaces. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 44, 43–55. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2016.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaksar, S., Desai, N., Eren, M. I., & Tostevin, G. (2022). Experimental assessment of plan-view and profile-view gross edge curvature on stone flake slicing efficiency. Archaeometry, In Press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S. J. (2011). “Most beautiful and most wonderful”: those endless stone tool forms. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 143–171. doi:10.1556/JEP.9.2011.23.1
   Google Scholar
• Lycett, S. J. (2015). Cultural evolutionary approaches to artifact variation over time and space: Basis, progress, and prospects. Journal of Archaeological Science, 56, 21–31. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S. J., & von Cramon-Taubadel, N. (2015). Toward a “quantitative genetic” approach to lithic variation. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 22(2), 646–675. doi:10.1007/s10816-013-9200-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyman, R. L., O'brien, M. J., & Hayes, V. (1998). A mechanical and functional study of bone rods from the Richey-Roberts Clovis cache. Journal of Archaeological Science, 25(9), 887–906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, D. A., Bartkowiak, T., & James Stemp, W. (2020). 3D multiscale curvature analysis of tool edges as an indicator of cereal harvesting intensity. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 33, 102523. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102523
   Google Scholar
• Machin, A. J., Hosfield, R. T., & Mithen, S. J. (2007). Why are some handaxes symmetrical? Testing the influence of handaxe morphology on butchery effectiveness. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(6), 883–893. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzke, M. W., & Shackley, M. S. (1986). Hominid hand use in the pliocene and pleistocene: Evidence from experimental archaeology and comparative morphology. Journal of Human Evolution, 15(6), 439–460. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80027-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer, D. J. (2021). First peoples in a new world: Peopling Ice Age America. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mesoudi, A. (2011). Cultural evolution. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mika, A., Buchanan, B., Walker, R., Key, A., Story, B., Bebber, M., & Eren, M. I. (2022). North American clovis point form and performance III: An experimental assessment of knife cutting efficiency. Lithic Technology, 47(3), 203–220. doi:10.1080/01977261.2021.2016257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G. L. (2013). Illuminating activities at Paleo Crossing (33ME274) through microwear analysis. Lithic Technology, 38(2), 108–197. doi:10.1179/0197726113Z.00000000012
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G. L., Bebber, M. R., Rutkoski, A., Haythorn, R., Boulanger, M. T., Buchanan, B., Bush, J., Lovejoy, C. O., & Eren, M. I. (2019). Hunter-gatherer gatherings: Stone-tool microwear from the Welling Site (33-Co-2), Ohio, USA supports Clovis use of outcrop-related base camps during the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. World Archaeology, 51(1), 47–75. doi:10.1080/00438243.2018.1461128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, J. E., & Morrow, T. A. (1999). Geographic variation in fluted projectile points: A hemispheric perspective. American Antiquity, 64(2), 215–230. doi:10.2307/2694275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, T. A. (1996). Bigger is better: Comments on Kuhn’s formal approach to mobile tool kits. American Antiquity, 61(3), 581–590. doi:10.2307/281842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, M. J. (2019). More on Clovis learning: Individual-level processes aggregate to form population-level patterns. PaleoAmerica, 5(2), 157–168. doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1600126
   Google Scholar
• Prasciunas, M. M. (2007). Bifacial cores and flake production efficiency: An experimental test of technological assumptions. American Antiquity, 72(2), 334–348. doi:10.2307/40035817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sholts, S. B., Gingerich, J. A., Schlager, S., Stanford, D. J., & Wärmländer, S. K. (2017). Tracing social interactions in Pleistocene North America via 3D model analysis of stone tool asymmetry. PLoS ONE, 12(7), e0179933. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sholts, S. B., Stanford, D. J., Flores, L. M., & Wärmländer, S. K. (2012). Flake scar patterns of Clovis points analyzed with a new digital morphometrics approach: Evidence for direct transmission of technological knowledge across early North America. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(9), 3018–3026. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood, A. M. (2010). Use-wear analysis of the Clovis Biface collection from the Gault site in Central Texas [Doctoral dissertation]. Texas A & M University.
   Google Scholar
• Smallwood, A. M. (2012). Clovis technology and settlement in the American Southeast: using biface analysis to evaluate dispersal models. American Antiquity, 77(4), 689–713. doi:10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood, A. M. (2015). Building experimental use-wear analogues for Clovis biface functions. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 7(1), 13–26. doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0139-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood, A. M., Jennings, T. A., Smith, H. L., Pevny, C. D., Waters, M. R., Loebel, T. J., Lambert, J., Ray, J., & Stephens, D. (2022). Using 3D models to understand the changing role of fluting in Paleoindian point technology from Clovis to Dalton. American Antiquity, 87(3), 544–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, H. L. (2010). A behavioral analysis of Clovis point morphology using geometric morphometrics [MA Thesis]. Texas A & M University.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, H. L., & Tune, J. W. (2019). Variation in fluted-point technology: Investigations across space and time. PaleoAmerica, 5(2), 105–108. doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1618176
   Google Scholar
• Starkovich, B. M., Cuthbertson, P., Kitagawa, K., Thompson, N., Konidaris, G. E., Rots, V., Munzel, S., Giusti, D., Schmid, V., Blanco-Lapaz, A., Lepers, C., & Tourloukis, V. (2020). Minimal tools, maximum meat: A pilot experiment to butcher an elephant foot and make elephant bone tools using lower Paleolithic stone tool technology. Ethnoarchaeology, 12(2), 118–147. doi:10.1080/19442890.2020.1864877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp, W. J., & Stemp, M. (2003). Documenting stages of polish development on experimental stone tools: Surface characterization by fractal geometry using UBM laser profilometry. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30(3), 287–296. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. A., Story, B. A., Eren, M. I., Buchanan, B., Andrews, B. N., O’Brien, M. J., & Meltzer, D. J. (2017). Explaining the origin of fluting in North American pleistocene weaponry. Journal of Archaeological Science, 81, 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth, N., & Schick, K. (2009). The importance of actualistic studies in early stone Age research: Some personal reflections. In K. Schick, & N. Toth (Eds.), The cutting edge: New approaches to the archaeology of human origins (pp. 267–344). Stone Age Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gijn, A. L. (1990). The wear and tear of flint: Principles of functional analysis applied to Dutch neolithic assemblages. University of Leiden Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gijn, A. L. (2010). Flint in focus: Lithic biographies in the neolithic and Bronze age. Sidestone Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, P. C. (1985). Use-wear analysis of flaked stone tools. University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, P. L. (1978). Butchering and stone tool function. American Antiquity, 43(4), 710–715. doi:10.2307/279502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, L. M., Eren, M. I., & Rick, T. C. (2008). Does butchering fish leave cut marks? Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(5), 1438–1444. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M., Perrone, A., Smith, H., Norris, D., Pargeter, J., & Eren, M. I. (2021). Modern thermoplastic (hot glue) versus organic-based adhesives and haft bond failure rate in experimental prehistoric ballistics. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 104, 102717. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar