Numbing the perception of stigma: system justification decreases psychological distress by reducing perceived stigma among gay men and lesbians (Adormeciendo la percepción del estigma: la justificación del sistema disminuye el malestar psicológico mediante la reducción del estigma percibido entre gays y lesbianas)

References / Referencias

• Adimark. (2000). El nivel socio económico ESOMAR. Manual de Aplicación [The socio-economic status ESOMAR. Application manual]. Retrieved from http://www.microweb.cl/idm/documentos/ESOMAR.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Almeida, J., Johnson, R. M., Corliss, H. L., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. (2009). Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 1001–1014. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9397-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APA. (2011). Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. American Psychological Association, 67, 10–42. doi:10.1037/a0024659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badaan, V., Jost, J. T., Osborne, D., Sibley, C. G., Ungaretti, J., Etchezahar, E., & Hennes, E. P. (2018). Social protest and its discontents: A system justification perspective. Contention, 6, 1–22. doi:10.3167/cont.2018.060102
   Google Scholar
• Bahamondes, J., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2019a). ‘We look (and feel) better through system justifying lenses’: Evidence of the palliative function of ideology among the disadvantaged. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 1391–1408. doi:10.1177/0146167219829178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahamondes, J., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2019b). System justification and perceptions of group-based discrimination: Investigating the temporal order of the ideologically motivated minimization (or exaggeration) of discrimination across low- and high-status groups. Paper submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Bahamondes-Correa, J. (2016). System justification’s opposite effects on psychological well-being: Testing a moderated mediation model in a gay men and lesbian sample in chile. Journal of Homosexuality, 63, 1537–1555. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1223351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrientos, J. (2012). Homosexualidades y homofobia en América Latina: Balances y perspectivas. In C. Zúñiga (Ed.), Psicología, sociedad y equidad: Aportes y desafíos (pp. 151–176). Santiago: Universidad de Chile.
   Google Scholar
• Barrientos, J. (2015). Violencia homofóbica en América Latina y Chile. Santiago: Ediciones el Desconcierto.
   Google Scholar
• Barrientos, J., & Cárdenas, M. (2012). A confirmatory factor analysis of the spanish language version of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG). Universitas Psychologica, 11, 579–586. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.upsy11-2.cfas
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrientos, J., & Cárdenas, M. (2014). Construction and validation of a Subjective Scale of Stigma and Discrimination (SISD) for the gay men and transgender women population in Chile. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 11, 187–198. doi:10.1007/s13178-014-0150-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrientos, J., Cárdenas, M., & Saíz, J. L. (2016). Hate crimes in Chile. In E. Dumbar, A. Blanco, & D. Crèvecoeur-MacPhail (Eds.), The psychology of hate crimes as domestic terrorism: U.S. and global issues (Vol. 2, pp. 29–45). Los Angeles, CA: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Blanz, M., Mummendey, A., Mielke, R., & Klink, A. (1998). Responding to negative social identity: A taxonomy of identity management strategies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 697–729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, M. J. (2013). Do the disadvantaged legitimize the social system? A large-scale test of the status-legitimacy hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 765–785. doi:10.1037/a0031751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cárdenas, M., & Barrientos, J. (2008). The Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG): Adaptation and testing the reliability and validity in Chile. The Journal of Sex Research, 45, 140–149. doi:10.1080/00224490801987424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cárdenas, M., Barrientos, J., Gómez, F., & Frías-Navarro, D. (2012). Attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and their relationship with gender role beliefs in a sample of Chilean university students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 24, 226–236. doi:10.1080/19317611.2012.700687
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 53–61. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby, F. (1984). The denial of personal discrimination. The American Behavioral Scientist, 27, 371–386. doi:10.1177/000276484027003008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Parra, G., Von Bergen, A., & Del Río, M. (2002). Primeros hallazgos de la aplicación de un instrumento que mide resultados psicoterapéuticos en una muestra de pacientes y de población general. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 40, 201–209. doi:10.4067/S0717-92272002000300003
   Google Scholar
• Eidelman, S., & Crandall, C. S. (2009). A psychological advantage for the status quo. In J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification (pp. 85–106). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H. J., Barkan, S. E., Muraco, H., & Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2013). Health disparities among lesbians, gay, and bisexual older adults: Results from a population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 1802–1809. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnets, L., Herek, G. M., & Levy, B. (1990). Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 366–383. doi:10.1177/088626090005003010
   Google Scholar
• Gómez, F., & Barrientos, J. (2012). Efectos del prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de gays y lesbianas en la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile. Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad, 10, 100–123. doi:10.1590/S1984-64872012000400005
   Google Scholar
• Hammond, M. D., & Sibley, C. G. (2011). Why are benevolent sexists happier? Sex Roles, 65, 332–343. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0017-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, J. F., & Sibley, C. G. (2013). The palliative function of system justification: Concurrent benefits versus longer-term costs to wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 113, 401–418. doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0101-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennes, E. P., Nam, H. H., Stern, C., & Jost, J. T. (2012). Not all ideologies are created equal: Epistemic, existential, and relational needs predict system-justifying attitudes. Social Cognition, 30, 669–688. doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19–22. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). The benefits of illusions, the threat of disillusionment, and the limitations of inaccuracy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 158–175. doi:10.1521/jscp.1989.8.2.158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J., & Hunyady, O. (2003). The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology. European Review of Social Psychology, 13, 111–153. doi:10.1080/10463280240000046
   Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T. (2019). A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58, 263–314. doi:10.1111/bjso.12297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27. doi:10.1111/bjso.1994.33.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881–919. doi:10.1111/pops.2004.25.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., & Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 293–305. doi:10.1177/0146167200265003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Sheldon, O., & Sullivan, B. N. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 13–36. doi:10.1002/ejsp.127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Wakslak, C. J., & Tyler, T. R. (2008). System justification theory and the alleviation of emotional distress: Palliative effects of ideology in an arbitrary social hierarchy and in society. Advances in Group Processes, 25, 181–211. doi:10.1016/s0882-6145(08)25012-5
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, C. R., Dyrenforth, P. S., & Hagiwara, N. (2006). Why are attributions to discrimination interpersonally costly? A test of system- and group-justifying motivations. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1523–1536. doi:10.1177/0146167206291475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, A. C., & Jost, J. T. (2003). Complementary justice: Effects of “poor but happy” and “poor but honest” stereotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the justice motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 823–837. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., Burlingame, G. M., Umphress, V., Hansen, N. B. V., Vermeersch, D. A., Clouse, G. C., & Yanchar, S. C. (1996). The reliability and validity of the outcome questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 3, 249–258. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199612)3:4<249::aid-cpp106>3.0.CO;2-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, M. J. (1980). Belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Lingiardi, V., Nardelli, N., Ioverno, S., Falanga, S., Di Chiacchio, C., Tanzilli, A., & Baiocco, R. (2016). Homonegativity in Italy: Cultural issues, personality characteristics, and demographic correlates with negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13, 95–108. doi:10.1007/s13178-015-0197-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151–173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., Gramzow, R. H., McCoy, S. K., Levin, S., Schmader, T., & Sidanius, J. (2002). Perceiving personal discrimination: The role of group status and legitimizing ideology. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82, 269–282. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.3.269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., & Kaiser, C. R. (2017). Ideology and the maintenance of group inequality. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20, 582–592. doi:10.1177/1368430217712051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., Kaiser, C. R., O’Brien, L. T., & McCoy, S. K. (2007). Perceived discrimination as worldview threat or worldview confirmation: Implications for self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1068–1086. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., & Sawyer, P. J. (2009). Attributions to discrimination: Antecedents and consequences. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 89–110). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2007). Priming meritocracy and the psychological justification of inequality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 341–351. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56. doi:10.2307/2137286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., & Jost, J. T. (2010). The joy of sexism? A multinational investigation of hostile and benevolent justifications for gender inequality and their relations to subjective well-being. Sex Roles, 62, 405–419. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9712-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nierman, A. J., Thompson, S. C., Bryan, A., & Mahaffey, A. L. (2007). Gender role beliefs and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men in Chile and the US. Sex Roles, 57, 61–67. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9197-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, J. M., & Hafer, C. L. (2001). Tolerance of personal deprivation. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 157–175). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2013). Through rose-colored glasses: System-justifying beliefs dampen the effects of relative deprivation on well-being and political mobilization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 991–1004. doi:10.1177/0146167213487997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 531–554. doi:10.1037/a0016059.supp
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta, N. K., Greaves, L. M., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). The sigh of the oppressed: The palliative effects of ideology are stronger for people living in highly unequal neighbourhoods. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56, 437–454. doi:10.1111/bjso.12192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta, N. K., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2015). The status-legitimacy hypothesis revisited: Ethnic-group differences in general and dimension-specific legitimacy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 54, 324–340. doi:10.1111/bjso.12080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and opression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, S., Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., & Colangelo, A. (2005). Social tuning of automatic racial attitudes: The role of affiliative motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 583–592. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangor, C., & Crandall, C. S. (2000). Threat and the social construction of stigma. In T. Heatherton, R. Kleck, M. Helb, & J. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 62–87). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Suppes, A., Napier, J. L., & Van der Toorn, J. (2019). The palliative effects of system justification on the health and happiness of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 372–388. doi:10.1177/0146167218785156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, D. M., Wright, S. C., Moghaddam, F. M., & Lalonde, R. N. (1990). The personal/group discrimination discrepancy: Perceiving my group, but not myself, to be a target for discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 254–262. doi:10.1177/0146167290162006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2016). Human development report 2016: Human development for everyone. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vargas-Salfate, S. (2017). The palliative function of hostile sexism among high and low-status chilean students. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Salfate, S., Paez, D., Khan, S. S., Liu, J. H., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2018). System justification enhances well-being: A longitudinal analysis of the palliative function of system justification in 18 countries. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57, 567–590. doi:10.1111/bjso.12254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Salfate, S., Paez, D., Liu, J. H., Pratto, F., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2018). A comparison of social dominance theory and system justification: The role of social status in 19 nations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44, 1060–1076. doi:10.1177/0146167218757455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar