References
- Ali, H. (2017). Menakar Jumlah Jamaah NU dan Muhammadiyah [Estimating the Total Number of NU and Muhammadiyah’s Adherents]. Hasanuddinali.com. 19 January. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from https://hasanuddinali.com/2017/01/19/menakar-jumlah-jamaah-nu-dan-muhammadiyah/.
- Aminuddin, M. F. (2018). Military Retirees in Politics: A Study on the Rise of Purnawirawan in Indonesian Political Parties 1998–2014. PhD Dissertation, Heidelberg University.
- Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
- Arbi, I. A. (2019). Raids Over PKI Books Condemned. Thejakartapost.com. 10 January. Retrieved May 11, 2021, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/10/raids-over-pki-books-condemned.html.
- Arifin, N. (2015). Tolak Negara Minta Maaf pada PKI, Ratusan Orang Turun ke Jalan. Okezone.com. 13 August. Retrieved May 11, 2021, from https://news.okezone.com/read/2015/08/13/512/1195637/tolak-negara-minta-maaf-pada-pki-ratusan-orang-turun-ke-jalan.
- Aspinall, E., & Mietzner, M. (2019). Indonesia's democratic paradox: Competitive elections amidst rising illiberalism. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 55(3), 295–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690412
- BBC Indonesia. (2018). Presiden Jokowi Minta Babinsa Jelaskan ke Publik Bahwa Dirinya Tidak Terkait Dengan PKI. Bbc.com. 17 July. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-44855482.
- Beaumont, M. (2006). Cacotopianism, the Paris commune, and England's anti-communist imaginary, 1870-1900. ELH, 73(2), 465–487.
- Benjamin, W. (2002). The arcades project. Harvard University Press.
- Bharali, B., & Goswami, A. L. (2018). Fake news: Credibility, cultivation syndrome and the new age media. Media Watch, 9(1), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.15655/mw/2018/v9i1/49277
- Bhirawa, D. (2015). Rencana Presiden Minta Maaf ke PKI Menuai Kecaman. Harian Bhirawa. 13 August. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://www.harianbhirawa.co.id/rencana-presiden-minta-maaf-ke-pki-menuai-kecaman/.
- Bottici, C. (2014). Imaginal politics, images beyond imagination and the imaginary. Columbia University Press.
- Browne, C., & Diehl, P. (2019). Conceptualising the political imaginary: An introduction. Social Epistemology, 33(5), 393–397.
- Bubandt, N. (2009). From the enemy's point of view: Violence, empathy, and the ethnography of fakes. Cultural Anthropology, 24(3), 553–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2009.01040.x
- Budiawan. (2004). Mematahkan Pewarisan Ingatan: Wacana Anti-Komunis dan Politik Rekonsiliasi Pasca-Soeharto. ELSAM.
- Carina, J. (2018). Heboh Pengakuan La Nyalla dan Isu PKI yang Tak Kunjung Padam. Kompas.com. 14 December. Retrieved February 7, 2021, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/12/14/06381531/heboh-pengakuan-la-nyalla-dan-isu-pki-yang-tak-kunjung-padam?page=all.
- CNN Indonesia. (2018). Rizieq Serukan Nobar Film PKI di Rumah, Madrasah, Hotel. Cnnindonesia.com. 25 September. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180925110309-20-332943/rizieq-serukan-nobar-film-pki-di-rumah-madrasah-hotel.
- Cribb, R., (Ed.). (1990). The Indonesian killings of 1965–1966: Studies from Java and Bali. Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies.
- Defianti, I. (2017). Mendagri: Posisi Bendera Merah Putih Harus Lebih Tinggi. Liputan6.com. 29 July. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3039519/mendagri-posisi-bendera-merah-putih-harus-lebih-tinggi.
- Detik. (2020). Survei SMRC: 14% Responden Percaya Kebangkitan PKI. Detik.com. 30 September. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5194288/survei-smrc-14-responden-percaya-kebangkitan-pki, accessed 17 February 2021.
- Digimed. (2014). Keriuhan Pemilihan presiden pilpres 2014 melalui media sosial.
- Duile, T., & Tamma, S. (2021). Political language and Fake News: Some considerations from the 2019 election in Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World, 49(143), 82–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2021.1862496
- Elsam. (2015). Policy brief ELSAM Seri Kebijakan HAM Maret 2015 Nawacita dan RPJMN sebagai Kesatuan Rencana Pembangunan Bidang Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia.
- Fahmi, I. (2019). Cyber Troops and Computational Propaganda in the Indonesian Presidential Election 2019, paper presented at the International Seminar Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 20 July 2019.
- Farchan, Y. (2021). Netralitas TNI Pada Pemilu 2019 Dalam Perspektif Hubungan Sipil Dan Militer. Jurnal Adhikari, 1(01), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.53968/ja.v1i1.23
- Faruq, K. (2018). Presiden Jokowi Minta Babinsa Tangkal Hoax. Ivoox.id. 29 July. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://ivoox.id/presiden-jokowi-minta-babinsa-tangkal-hoax/.
- Fikri, A. (2018). Jokowi Cerita soal PKI Balita di Depan Ribuan Babinsa. Tempo.co. 17 July. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1107814/jokowi-cerita-soal-pki-balita-di-depan-ribuan-babinsa.
- Flore, M., Balahur, A., Podavini, A., & Verile, M. (2019). Understanding Citizens' Vulnerability to Disinformation and Data-driven Propaganda: Case Study: The 2018 Italian General Election. Luxembourg: Publications Office.
- Goodfellow, R. (1995). “Api dalam Sekam”: The Ideology of Anti-Communism in New Order Indonesia. Working Paper: Monash University.
- Gudkov, L. (2016). Traces of defeat Why the propaganda effect will be felt for a long time Yet. Russian Politics & Law, 54(4), 386–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611940.2016.1207466
- Hadi, S. (2018). Alasan Partai Berkarya Gelar Nonton Bareng Film G30SPKI. Tempo.co. 28 September. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1130975/alasan-partai-berkarya-gelar-nonton-bareng-film-g30spki/full&view=ok.
- Heller, A. (2005). European master narratives of freedom. In G. Delanty (Ed.), Handbook of European social theory (pp. 257–265). Routledge.
- Herlambang, W. (2013). Kekerasan Budaya Pasca 1965: Bagaimana Orde Baru Melegitimasi Anti-Komunisme melalui Sastra dan film. Marjin Kiri.
- Heryanto, A. (2006). State terrorism and political identity in Indonesia: Fatally belonging. Routledge.
- Honna, J. (1999). The Military and Democratisation in Indonesia: The Developing Civil-Military Discourse During the Late Soeharto Era. Thesis (Ph.D.), Canberra: Department of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- Hui, J. Y. (2020). Social media and the 2019 Indonesian elections: Hoax takes the centre stage. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2020(1), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1355/aa20-1i
- Humprecht, E. (2019). Where “Fake News” Flourishes: A Comparison Across Four Western Democracies. Information. Communication and Society, 22(13), 1973–1988.
- Ibrahim, G. M. (2017). Ini Pernyataan Waketum Gerindra 'Wajar PDIP Disamakan dengan PKI. Detik.com. 1 August. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2943582448/ini-pernyataan-waketum-gerindra-wajar-pdip-disamakan-dengan-pki, accessed 6 May 2021.
- Ilyas. (2015). Mendagri Bantah Program Bela Negara Sebagai Bentuk Militerisme. Teropongsenayan.com. 15 October. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://www.teropongsenayan.com/18799-mendagri-bantah-program-bela-negara-sebagai-bentuk-militerisme.
- Inilah.com. (2014). Pakar dan Pemerhati Alfian Tanjung Ingkatkan Bahwa PKI Telah Bangkit Lagi. Inilah.co., 3 July. Retrieved February 12, 2021, from https://inilah.com/news/2322185/pakar-dan-pemerhati-alfian-tanjung-ingkatkan-bahwa-pki-telah-bangkit-lagi.
- Ihsanuddin. (2018). Ketika Jokowi Angkat Bicara soal Isu Anggota PKI. Kompas.com. 6 November. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/11/06/07401861/ketika-jokowi-angkat-bicara-soal-isu-anggota-pki?page=all, accessed 11 March 2020.
- Liputan 6. (2018). Jokowi Menepis Hoaks, dari Isu PKI hingga Kriminalisasi Ulama. Liputan6.com. 25 November. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3735342/jokowi-menepis-hoaks-dari-isu-pki-hingga-kriminalisasi-ulama?page=2, accessed 18 March 2020.
- JPNN. (2017). Jokowi Sebut Pemuda Pancasila Ormas Spesial. JPNN Youtube Channel. 30 October. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Auta2FHCao8.
- Kim, D.-C. (2017). The social grounds of anticommunism in South Korea, crisis of the ruling class and anticommunist reaction. Asian Journal of German and European Studies, 2(7), 1–25.
- Kompas. (2018a). Jokowi Ingin Tabok Pihak yang Menudingnya PKI. Kompas.com. 23 November. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/11/23/18410071/jokowi-ingin-tabok-pihak-yang-menudingnya-pki, accessed 18 March 2020.
- Kompas. (2018b). Presiden: Akhir-akhir Ini Banyak Spanduk Jokowi PKI. Kompas.com. 7 December. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/12/07/13292441/presiden-akhir-akhir-ini-banyak-spanduk-jokowi-pki?page=all, accessed 2 April 2020.
- Kontras. (2016). Catatan Singkat Komisi untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan KontraS: Perihal Reaksi Negara atas Simbol dan Lambang yang Identikdengan Partai Komunis Indonesia dan Ideologi Marxisme. Jakarta.
- Kurniawan, et al., (Eds). (2013). Pengakuan Algojo 1965. Jakarta: Tempo.
- Laclau, E. (1994). The making of political identities. Verso.
- Lesmana, A. S., & Raharjo, D. B. (2018). Hasil Survei, Jokowi: 9 Juta Orang Masih Percaya Isu PKI. Suara.com. 18 December. https://www.suara.com/news/2018/12/18/225608/hasil-survei-jokowi-9-juta-orang-masih-percaya-isu-pki, accessed 24 February 2020.
- Matanasi, P. (2018). Babinsa: Berdiri Di Zaman Sukarno, Dimaksimalkan di Zaman Soeharto. Tirto.id. 10 June. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://tirto.id/babinsa-berdiri-di-zaman-sukarno-dimaksimalkan-di-zaman-soeharto-cLTq.
- Merdeka. (2019). Dipimpin Japto Soerjosoemarno, Pemuda Pancasila Deklarasi Dukung Jokowi. Merdeka.com. 3 March. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://www.merdeka.com/politik/dipimpin-japto-soerjosoemarno-pemuda-pancasila-deklarasi-dukung-jokowi.html.
- Mietzner, M. (2014). Indonesia's 2014 elections: How Jokowi Won and democracy survived. Journal of Democracy, 25(4), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2014.0073
- Mietzner, M. (2015). Indonesia in 2014: Jokowi and the repolarization of post-Soeharto politics. Southeast Asian Affairs, 1(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1355/aa15-1g
- Mills, C. W. (2000). The sociological imagination. Oxford University Press.
- Nahi Munkar. (2014). Setelah memata-matai masjid, PDIP akan melarang perda syariah. Nahimunkar.org. 1 July. https://www.nahimunkar.org/setelah-memata-matai-masjid-pdip-akan-melarang-perda-syariah/, accessed 9 January 2020.
- Nathaniel, F. (2019). Jokowi Curhat Soal Dirinya Dituduh PKI Saat Bicara di Acara PGI. Tirto.id. 1 april 2019. https://tirto.id/jokowi-curhat-soal-dirinya-dituduh- pki-saat-bicara-di-acara-pgi-dkND, accessed 24 February 2020.
- Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303–330.
- Nyhan, B. (2012). New surveys show the persistence of misperceptions. Huffington Post Pollster. Huffingtonpost.com. 30 July. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brendan-nyhan/new-surveys-show-the-pers_b_1718794.html, accessed 02 January 2020.
- Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Ubel, P. A. (2013). The Hazards of correcting Myths about health care reform. Medical Care, 51(2), 127–132.
- Ong, J. C., & Cabanes, J. V. (2018). Architects of Networked Disinformation, Public Report and Executive Summary. Newton Tech4Dev Network. http://newtontechfordev.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ARCHITECTS-OF-NETWORKEDDISINFORMATION-FULL-REPORT.pdf, accessed 23 November 2019.
- Ong, J., Tapsell, R., & Nicole, C. (2019). Tracking Digital Disinformation in the 2019 Philippine Midterm Election. New Mandala. Retrieved November 23, 2019, from https://www.newmandala.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Digital-Disinformation-2019- Midterms.pdf.
- Palacios, M. (2009). Fantasy and political violence, the meaning of anti-communism in Chile. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
- Pambudi. (2009). Kalau Prabowo jadi Presiden. Buku Kita.
- Power, T. (2018). Jokowi's authoritarian turn and Indonesia's democratic decline. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 54(3), 307–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2018.1549918
- Putra, I. E., Holtz, P., Pitaloka, A., Kronberger, N., & Arbiyah, N. (2018). Positive essentialization reduces prejudice: Reminding participants of a positive human nature alleviates the stigma of Indonesian communist party PKI descent. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 6(2), 291–314. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v6i2.794
- Putra, I. E., Wagner, W., Rufaedah, A., & Holtz, P. (2019). Identity, representations, religion, and apologizing for past wrongdoings: Muslim discourse about Indonesia's 1965–66 massacres of communists. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 29(6), 492–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2419
- Republika (2014). PII: Waspadai Kembalinya PKI. Republika.co.id. 3 July. https://republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/14/07/03/n853qd-pii-waspadai-kembalinya-pki, accessed 28 January 2021.
- Roberts, J. (2009). Introduction: Art, ‘enclave theory’ and the communist imaginary. Third Text, 23(4), 353–367.
- Rowbottom, J. (2012). Lies, manipulation and elections, controlling false campaign statements. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 32(3), 507–535.
- Scammell, M. (2015). Politics and image: The conceptual value of branding. Journal of Political Marketing, 14(1/2), 7–18.
- Shibghotulloh, D. (2019). Retirement rivalry of the military general in the 2019 presidential election. Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 1(2), 158–174.
- Siegel, J. (1999). A New Criminal Type in Jakarta. The Nationalization of Death. Ithaca: SEAP.
- Simpser, A. (2013). Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Siregar, F. E. (2019). Mengawasi Media Sosial dalam Proses Pemilu 2019. In D. Srikarni (Ed.), Serial Evaluasi Penyelenggaraan Pemilu Serentak 2019 Perihal Penyelenggaraan Kampanye. Jakarta: Bawaslu.
- Smith, A. D. (1999). Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- SMRC. (2019). Sikap Publik Atas Isu Kebangkitan PKI.
- Spyer, P. (2002). Indonesian mediations: The Re-imagining and Re-imaging of Communitys in transition. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
- Stefanie, C., & Utama, A. (2016). Pemerintah Waspadai Dugaan Penyebaran Komunisme Gaya Baru. CNNIndonesia.com. 11 May. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160511135353-20-129946/pemerintah-waspadai-dugaan-penyebaran-komunisme-gaya-baru.
- Sunaryo, A. (2014). Letjen Purn Suryo Prabowo Sebut Ada Kubu Pakai Cara Komunis. Merdeka.com. 17 June. https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/letjen-purn-suryo-prabowo-sebut-ada-kubu-pakai-cara-komunis.html.
- Suriyanto. (2015). YPKP 65 Klaim 3 Juta Lebih Korban Tewas Lantaran Dituduh PKI. CNNIndonesia.com. 30 September. Retrieved October 11, 2019, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20150930054754-20-81729/ypkp-65-klaim-3-juta-lebih-korban-tewas-lantaran-dituduh-pki.
- Syafirdi, D. (2014). Fadli Zon: Revolusi Mental Punya Akar Kuat Paham Komunis. Merdeka.com. 26 June. Retrieved October 6, 2020, from https://www.merdeka.com/politik/fadli-zon-revolusi-mental-punya-akar-kuat-paham-komunis.html.
- Syahni, M. (2014). Ini Janji Jokowi-JK Soal HAM. Kompas.com. 21 May. Retrieved 12 February 2021, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/21/1630112/Ini.Janji.Jokowi-JK.soal.HAM.
- Tempo. (2014). Propaganda Kelam Obor Hitam. Tempo 23 June 2014.
- Tempo. (2015). G30S 1965, Jokowi Bicara Permintaan Maaf ke Keluarga PKI. Tempo.co. 01 October 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://nasional.tempo.co/read/705432/g30s-1965-jokowi-bicarapermintaan-maaf-ke-keluarga-pki/full&view=ok.
- Tempo. (2018). Di Banda Aceh, Jokowi Ungkit Lagi Isu PKI yang Menyerang Dirinya. Tempo.co. 14 December. https://pilpres.tempo.co/read/1155465/di-banda-aceh-jokowi-ungkit-lagi-isu-pki-yang-menyerang-dirinya, accessed 2 March 2020.
- Tyson, A., & Purnomo, B. (2017). President Jokowi and the 2014 Obor Rakyat controversy in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 49(1), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2016.1258585
- Utama, A. (2018). Gaji Babinsa Meroket 771% Saat Setahun Menjelang Pilpres, Perannya Dipertanyakan. Bbc.com. 7 June. Retrieved 6 May 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-44387207.
- Vaccari, C., & Morini, M. (2014). The power of smears in two American presidential campaigns. Journal of Political Marketing, 13(1), 9–45.
- Voa Islam. (2014). Konsep Revolusi Mental Jokowi Adopsi Tokoh Komunis DN Aidit & Mao Tse Tung. Voa-islam.com. 29 June https://www.voa-islam.com/read/indonesiana/2014/06/29/31252/konsep-revolusi-mental-jokowi-adopsi-tokoh-komunis-dnaidit-mao-tse-tung/, accessed 12 February 2021.
- Vayeos, A. (2021). Red Spectre: The Dissonance of Cold War Anti-Communism in 21st Century America. Columbia Political Review. Retrieved July 9, 2023, from http://www.cpreview.org/blog/2021/11/red-spectre-the-dissonance-of-cold-war-anti-communism-in-21st-century-america.
- Wadipalapa, R. (2021). Countering the communist imaginary: The role of Nahdlatul Ulama in Indonesia’s 2014 and 2019 presidential elections. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 43(3), 557–584. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs43-3e
- Wangkiat, P. (2019). Apirat Out of Touch with Modern Reality. Bangkokpost.com. 14 October. Retrieved October 16, 2019, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1771469/apirat-out-of-touch-with-modern-reality.
- Warburton, E., & Aspinall, E. (2019). Explaining Indonesia’s democratic regression: Structure, agency and popular opinion. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 41(2), 255–285. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs41-2k
- Wardle, C., & Derakshan, H. (2017). Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making. Council of Europe Report. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinaryframeworkforresearc/168076277c, accessed 04 December 2019.
- Widhana, D. H. (2015). Taufiq Ismail Ajak Gagalkan Wacana Jokowi Ingin Minta Maaf ke PKI. Merdeka.co., 21 August. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/taufiq-ismail-ajak-gagalkan-wacana-jokowi-ingin-minta-maaf-ke-pki.html.
- Widodo, J. (2014). Revolusi Mental. Kompas, 10 May.