1,866
Views
57
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Bioenergy, food security and poverty reduction: trade-offs and synergies along the water–energy–food security nexus

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 772-790 | Received 22 Oct 2014, Accepted 05 May 2015, Published online: 01 Jun 2015

References

  • Adams, P. W., Hammond, G. P., McManus, M. C., & Mezzullo, W. G. (2011). Barriers to and drivers for UK bioenergy development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(2), 1217–1227. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.039
  • Adrianzén, M. (2013). Improved cooking stoves and firewood consumption: Quasi-experimental evidence from the Northern Peruvian Andes. Ecological Economics, 89, 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.02.010
  • Anthoff, D., & Hahn, R. (2010). Government failure and market failure: On the inefficiency of environmental and energy policy. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 26, 197–224. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grq004
  • Arndt, C., Benfica, R., Tarp, F., Thurlow, J., & Uaiene, R. (2008). Biofuels, poverty, and growth (IFPRI Discussion Paper 00803). Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Arndt, C., Benfica, R., & Thurlow, J. (2011). Gender implications of biofuels expansion in Africa: The case of Mozambique. World Development, 39(9), 1649–1662. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.02.012
  • Arndt, C., Pauw, K., & Thurlow, J. (2012). Biofuels and economic development: A computable general equilibrium analysis for Tanzania. Energy Economics, 34, 1922–1930. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2012.07.020
  • Baumol, W. J., & Oates, W. E. (1988). The theory of environmental policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bazilian, M., Rogner, H., Howells, M., Hermann, S., Arent, D., Gielen, D., … Yumkella, K. K. (2011). Considering the energy, water and food nexus: Towards an integrated modelling approach. Energy Policy, 39(12), 7896–7906. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.039
  • Beltramello, A., Haie-Fayle, L., & Pilat, D. (2013). Why new business models matter for green growth (OECD Green Growth Papers, 2013-01). Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Berndes, G. (2002). Bioenergy and water—The implications of large-scale bioenergy production for water use and supply. Global Environmental Change, 12(4), 253–271. doi:10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00040-7
  • Bhatt, B. P., & Sachan, M. S. (2004). Firewood consumption pattern of different tribal communities in Northeast India. Energy Policy, 32(1), 1–6. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00237-9
  • BMU (German Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety). (2012). Renewable energy sources in figures. Report for 2012. Berlin. Germany.
  • Bogardi, J. J., Dudgeon, D., Lawford, R., Flinkerbusch, E., Meyn, A., Pahl-Wostl, C., … Vörösmarty, C. (2012). Water security for a planet under pressure: Interconnected challenges of a changing world call for sustainable solutions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(1), 35–43. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2011.12.002
  • Britz, W., & Hertel, T. W. (2011). Impacts of EU biofuels directives on global markets and EU environmental quality: An integrated PE, global CGE analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 142(1–2), 102–109. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.11.003
  • Bryngelsson, D. K., & Lindgren, K. (2013). Why large-scale bioenergy production on marginal land is unfeasible: A conceptual partial equilibrium analysis. Energy Policy, 55, 454–466. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.036
  • Chakrabarty, S., Boksh, M., & Chakraborty, A. (2013). Economic viability of biogas and green self-employment opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 757–766. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.002
  • Chaurey, A., Ranganathan, M., & Mohanty, P. (2004). Electricity access for geographically disadvantaged rural communities—Technology and policy insights. Energy Policy, 32(15), 1693–1705. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00160-5
  • Chen, Y., Yang, G., Sweeney, S., & Feng, Y. (2010). Household biogas use in rural China: A study of opportunities and constraints. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), 545–549. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.019
  • Chmutinaa, K., Wiersma, B., Goodiera, C., & Devine, P. (2014). Concern or compliance? Drivers of urban decentralised energy initiatives. Sustainable Cities and Society, 10, 122–129. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2013.07.001
  • Ciaian, P., Kancs, A., & Rajcaniova, M. (2013). Bioenergy and global land use change. LICOS Discussion Paper Series, Discussion Paper 336/2013. Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven, Belgium.
  • Demirbas, A. (2010). Use of algae as biofuel sources. Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 2738–2749. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2010.06.010
  • Dominguez-Faus, R., Powers, S. E., Burken, J. G., & Alvarez, P. J. (2009). The water footprint of biofuels: A drink or drive issue? Environmental Science & Technology, 43(9), 3005–3010. doi:10.1021/es802162x
  • Don, A., Osborne, B., Hastings, A., Skiba, U., Carter, M. S., Drewer, J., … Zenone, T. (2012). Land‐use change to bioenergy production in Europe: Implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon. Gcb Bioenergy, 4(4), 372–391. doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x
  • Duflo, E., Greenstone, M., & Hanna, R. (2008). Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being. SAPI EN. S. Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society, 1(1), 7–16.
  • EBTC. (2011). Biofuels and bioenergy in India. European Business and Technology Centre. Retrieved February 9, 2010, from http://www.ebtc.eu/pdf/111031_SNA_Snapshot_Biofuels-and-Bio-energy-in-India.pdf
  • Edwards, R., Mulligan, D., & Marelli, L. (2010). Indirect land use change from increased biofuels demand: Comparison of models and results for marginal biofuels production from different feedstock. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. Luxembourg: European Union.
  • EPI. (2013). Data center. Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http://www.earth-policy.org/?/data_center/C23/
  • Ewing, M., & Msangi, S. (2009). Biofuels production in developing countries: Assessing tradeoffs in welfare and food security. Environmental Science & Policy, 12(4), 520–528. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.002
  • Fargione, J., Hill, J., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., & Hawthorne, P. (2008). Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science, 319(5867), 1235–1238. doi:10.1126/science.1152747
  • Fitzherbert, E. B., Struebig, M. J., Morel, A., Danielsen, F., Brühl, C. A., Donald, P. F., & Phalan, B. (2008). How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23(10), 538–545. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.012
  • Fritsche, R., Sims, R., & Monti, A. (2010). Direct and indirect land-use competition issues for energy crops and their sustainable production – An overview. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 4, 692–704. doi:10.1002/bbb.v4:6
  • Fritsche, U. R., Hunecke, K., Hermann, A., Schulze, F., & Wiegmann, K. (2006). Sustainability standards for bioenergy. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: WWF.
  • Gebreegziabher, Z., Mekonnen, A., Ferede, T., Guta, F., Levin, J., Köhlin, G., … Bohlin, L. (2013). The distributive effect and food security implications of biofuels investment in 193 Ethiopia: A CGE analysis (Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series (EfD) DP 13-02). Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
  • Gerber, N. (2008). Bioenergy and rural development in developing countries: A review of existing studies. ZEF – Discussion Papers on Development Policy Bonn, June 2008.
  • Goldemberg, J. (1998). Leapfrog energy technologies. Energy Policy, 26(10), 729–741.
  • Guta, D. (2012a). Assessment of Biomass fuel resource potential and Utilization in Ethiopia: Sourcing strategies for renewable energies. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2(1), 132–139.
  • Guta, D. (2012b). Application of an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) to Ethiopian rural residential energy use: Panel data evidence. Energy Policy, 50, 528–539. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.055
  • Guta, D. (2014). Effect of fuelwood scarcity and socio-economic factors on household bio-based energy use and energy substitution in rural Ethiopia. Energy Policy, 75, 217–227. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.017
  • Han, J., Mol, A. P. J., Lu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2008). Small-scale bioenergy projects in rural China: Lessons to be learnt. Energy Policy, 36(6), 2154–2162. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.001
  • Harvey, M., & Pilgrim, S. (2011). The new competition for land: Food, energy, and climate change. Food Policy, 36, S40–S51. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.009
  • Hellpap. (2013, December 4–6). How can international cooperation contribute to Sustainable Energy for All. Global Conference “Rural Energy Access: A Nexus Approach to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication”, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Heltberg, R. (2004). Fuel switching: Evidence from eight developing countries. Energy Economics, 26(5), 869–887. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2004.04.018
  • Hertel, T. W., Tyner, W. E., & Birur, D. K. (2008). Biofuels for all? Understanding the global impacts of multinational mandates. GTAP Conference Paper, Helsinki.
  • Hira, A., & de Oliveira, L. (2009). No substitute for oil? How Brazil developed its ethanol industry. Energy Policy, 37, 2450–2456. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.037
  • Hoff, H. (2011). Understanding the Nexus. Background Paper for the Bonn2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.
  • Hosier, R. H., & Dowd, J. (1987). Household fuel choice in Zimbabwe: An empirical test of the energy ladder hypothesis. Resources and Energy, 9(4), 347–361. doi:10.1016/0165-0572(87)90003-X
  • IEA. (2012). Technology roadmap bioenergy for heat and power. Paris: OECD/IEA.
  • IEA. (2014). People relying on traditional use of biomass for cooking in 2011. IEA, World Energy Outlook 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources
  • Jaeger, W., & Egelkraut, T. (2011). Biofuel economics in a setting of multiple objectives and unintended consequences. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 4320–4333. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.118
  • Kagan, J. (2010). Third and fourth generation biofuels: Technologies, markets and economics through 2015. Boston, MA: GreenTech Media Research.
  • Kanagawa, M., & Nakata, T. (2007). Analysis of the energy access improvement and its socio-economic impacts in rural areas of developing countries. Ecological Economics, 62(2), 319–329. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.06.005
  • Kartha, S., & Leach, G. (2001). Using modern bioenergy to reduce rural poverty. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute.
  • Kaygusuz, K. (2010). Climate change and biomass energy for sustainability. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 5(2), 133–146. doi:10.1080/15567240701764537
  • Kitio. (2013, December 4–6). Energy and Water Nexus Opportunities and technical solutions to address poor access to water and energy through better understanding of the water & energy nexus. Global Conference “Rural Energy Access: A Nexus Approach to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication”, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Koh, L. P. (2007). Potential habitat and biodiversity losses from intensified biodiesel feedstock production. Conservation Biology, 21(5), 1373–1375. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00771.x
  • Koh, L. P., & Ghazoul, J. (2008). Biofuels, biodiversity, and people: Understanding the conflicts and finding opportunities. Biological Conservation, 141(10), 2450–2460. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.005
  • Kowsari, R., & Zerriffi, H. (2011). Three dimensional energy profile: A conceptual framework for assessing household energy use. Energy Policy, 39(12), 7505–7517. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.030
  • Lamers, P., Hamelinck, C., Junginger, M., & Faaij, A. (2011). International bioenergy trade—A review of past developments in the liquid biofuel market. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2655–2676. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.022
  • Lapola, D. M., Schaldach, R., Alcamo, J., Bondeau, A., Koch, J., Koelking, C., & Priess, J. A. (2010). Indirect land-use changes can overcome carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(8), 3388–3393. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907318107
  • Lauri, P., Havlík, P., Kindermann, G., Forsell, N., Böttcher, H., & Obersteiner, M. (2014). Woody biomass energy potential in 2050. Energy Policy, 66, 19–31. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.033
  • Lehmann, P., Creutzig, F., Ehlers, H., Friedrichsen, N., Heuson, C., Hirth, L., & Pietzcker, R. (2012). Carbon lock-out: Advancing renewable energy policy in Europe. Energies, 5, 323–354. doi:10.3390/en5020323
  • Lim, W.-Y., & Seow, A. (2012). Biomass fuels and lung cancer. Respirology, 17(1), 20–31. doi:10.1111/res.2012.17.issue-1
  • Lutzenhiser, L. (1993). Social and behavioral aspects of energy use. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 18(1), 247–289. doi:10.1146/energy.1993.18.issue-1
  • Maltsoglou, I., Koizumi, T., & Felix, E. (2013). The status of bioenergy development in developing countries. Global Food Security, 2(2), 104–109. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2013.04.002
  • Mangoyana, R., & Smith, T. (2011). Decentralised bioenergy systems: A review of opportunities and threats. Energy Policy, 39, 1286–1295. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.057
  • Marcotullio, P. J., & Schulz, N. B. (2007). Comparison of energy transitions in the United States and developing and industrializing economies. World Development, 35(10), 1650–1683. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.11.006
  • Mårtensson, K., & Westerberg, K. (2007). How to transform local energy systems towards bioenergy? Three strategy models for transformation. Energy Policy, 35(12), 6095–6105. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.08.007
  • Masera, O. R., & Navia, J. (1997). Fuel switching or multiple cooking fuels? Understanding inter-fuel substitution patterns in rural Mexican households. Biomass and Bioenergy, 12(5), 347–361. doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(96)00075-X
  • Mitchell, D. (2008). A note on rising food prices (Policy Research Working Paper 4682). Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Murphy, J. T. (2001). Making the energy transition in rural East Africa: Is leapfrogging an alternative? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 68(2), 173–193. doi:10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00091-8
  • Nkonya, E., Srinivasan, R., Anderson, W., & Kato, E. (2014). Assessing the economic benefits of sustainable land management (SLM) practices in Bhutan. Washington, DC: IFPRI.
  • OECD. (2008). Policy coherence for development – Lessons learned. Policy brief. Retrieved February 20, 2015, from http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf/hls_finland-policy_coherence%28oecd%29.pdf
  • OECD-FAO. (2011). Agricultural outlook. Evolution of global ethanol production by feedstocks used. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932426562
  • Openshaw, K. (2010). Biomass energy: Employment generation and its contribution to poverty alleviation. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(3), 365–378. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.11.008
  • Pacala, S., & Socolow, R. (2004). Stabilization wedges: Solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. Science, 305(5686), 968–972. doi:10.1126/science.1100103
  • Palit, D., Malhotra, R., & Kumar, A. (2011). Sustainable model for financial viability of decentralized biomass gasifier based power projects. Energy Policy, 39, 4893–4901. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.026
  • Parikka, M. (2004). Global biomass fuel resources. Biomass and Bioenergy, 27(6), 613–620. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.07.005
  • Pereira, M. G., Freitas, M. A. V., & da Silva, N. F. (2011). The challenge of energy poverty: Brazilian case study. Energy Policy, 39(1), 167–175. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.09.025
  • Peters, J., & Thielmann, S. (2008). Promoting biofuels: Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy, 36(4), 1538–1544. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.01.013
  • Purkus, A., Gawel, E., & Thrän, D. (2012). Bioenergy governance between market and government failures: A new institutional economics perspective. UFZ Discussion Papers Departments of Economics and Bioenergy 13/2012. Leipzig, Germany: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ.
  • Rajagopal, D., Sexton, S. E., Roland-Holst, D., & Zilberman, D. (2007). Challenge of biofuel: Filling the tank without emptying the stomach? Environmental Research Letters, 2(4), 1–9.
  • Rathmann, R., Szklo, A., & Schaeffer, R. (2010). Land use competition for production of food and liquid biofuels: An analysis of the arguments in the current debate. Renewable Energy, 35(1), 14–22. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.02.025
  • Rehfuess, E., Mehta, S., & Prüss-Üstün, A. (2006). Assessing household solid fuel use: Multiple implications for the Millennium Development Goals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 373–378. doi:10.1289/ehp.8603
  • Reuters. (2008). Bad policy, not biofuel, drive food prices: Merkel. Reuters. Retrieved February 10, 2015, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/17/us-germany-biofuels-idUSL1721113520080417, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKRA45973520080424.
  • Ringler, C., Bhaduri, A., & Lawford, R. (2013). The nexus across water, energy, land and food (WELF): Potential for improved resource use efficiency? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(6), 617–624. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.002
  • Rosegrant, M. W., Zhu, T., Msangi, S., & Sulser, T. (2008). Global scenarios for biofuels: Impacts and implications. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 30(3), 495–505.
  • Sathre, R., & Gustavsson, L. (2011). Time-dependent climate benefits of using forest residues to substitute fossil fuels. Biomass & Bioenergy, 35(7), 2506–2516. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.027
  • Sawyer, D. (2008). Climate change, biofuels and ecosocial impacts in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 1747–1752. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.0030
  • Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., … Yu, H. (2008). Use of US croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science, 319, 1238–1240. doi:10.1126/science.1151861
  • Semere, T., & Slater, F. (2007). Ground flora, small mammal and bird species diversity in miscanthus (Miscanthus×giganteus) and reed canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea) fields. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31, 20–29. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2006.07.001
  • Sherrington, C., Bartley, J., & Moran, D. (2008). Farm-level constraints on the domestic supply of perennial energy crops in the UK. Energy Policy, 36, 2504–2512. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.004
  • Slade, R., Bauen, A., & Shah, N. (2009). The commercial performance of cellulosic ethanol supply-chains in Europe. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2(3), 1–20.
  • Smeets, E., Faaij, A., & Lewandowski, I. (2007). A quick scan of global bioenergy potentials to 2050. Bottom-Up Scenario Analysis of Regional Biomass Production and Export Potentials, Fair Biotrade Project, Utrecht University.
  • Smith, K. R., Mehta, S., & Maeusezahl-Feuz, M. (2004). Indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels. In M. Ezzati, A. D. Lopez, A. Rodgers, & C. J. L. Murray (Eds.), Comparative quantification of health risks: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • Stegen, K., & Seel, M. (2013). The winds of change: How wind firms assess Germany’s energy transition. Energy Policy, 61, 1481–1489. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.130
  • Sterner, M. (2009). Bioenergy and renewable power methane in integrated 100% renewable energy systems: Limiting global warming by transforming energy systems (Vol. 14). Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press GmbH.
  • Tyner, W. E., & Taheripour, F. (2007). Future biofuels policy alternatives. Biofuels, Food, & Feed Tradeoffs Conference Organized by the Farm Foundation and USDA, St. Louis, Missouri.
  • UNEP. (2011). Towards a green economy: Pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication – A synthesis for policy makers. Retrieved October 25, 2013, from www.unep.org/greeneconomy
  • von Braun, J. (2007). The world food situation. New driving forces and required action. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • von Braun, J. (2008). Rising food prices: What should be done? Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • von Braun, J. (2013, December 13). Bioeconomy – Science and technology policy for agricultural development and food security. Paper presented at Festschrift seminar in honor of Per Pinstrup-Andersen on “New directions in the fight against hunger and malnutrition” Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • von Braun, J., Ahmed, A., Asenso-Okyere, K., Fan, S., Gulati, A., Hoddinott, J., … von Grebmer, K. (2008). High food prices: The what, who, and how of proposed policy actions. Washington, DC: International food policy research institute (IFPRI).
  • von Braun, J., & Mirzabaev, A. (2015, forthcoming). Nexus scientific research – Theory and approach serving sustainable development. In F. Dodd & J. Bartram (Eds.), (2015, forthcoming). The Water-Energy-Food-Climate Security Nexus – The Challenge for this Generation. Oxford, UK: Earthscan.
  • Warner, E., Inman, D., Kunstman, B., Bush, B., Vimmerstedt, L., Peterson, S., … Zhang, Y. (2013). Modelling biofuel expansion effects on land use change dynamics. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 015003.
  • Wesseler, J., Spielman, D., & Demont, M. (2010). The future of governance in the global bioeconomy: Policy, regulation, and investment challenges for the biotechnology and bioenergy sectors. AgBioForum, 13(4), 288–290.
  • White, W., Lunnan, A., Nybakk, E., & Kulisic, B. (2013). The role of governments in renewable energy: The importance of policy consistency. Biomass and Bioenergy, 57, 97–105. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.035
  • WHO. (2002). The World health report: 2002: Reducing the risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • WHO. (2006). Fuel for life: Household energy and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Wicke, B., Smeets, E., Watson, H., & Faaij, A. (2011). The current bioenergy production potential of semi-arid and arid regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(7), 2773–2786. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.03.010
  • Wilkinson, P., Smith, K. R., Davies, M., Adair, H., Armstrong, B. G., Barrett, M., … Chalabi, Z. (2009). Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: Household energy. The Lancet, 374(9705), 1917–1929. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61713-X

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.