1,013
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research articles

Assessing the environmental context of hand washing among school children in Limpopo, South Africa

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , & show all
Pages 568-584 | Received 09 Jun 2016, Accepted 23 May 2017, Published online: 26 Jun 2017

References

  • Akpabio, E. M., & Takara, K. (2014). Understanding and confronting cultural complexities characterizing water, sanitation and hygiene in Sub-Saharan Africa. Water International, 39(7), 921–932. doi:10.1080/02508060.2015.981782
  • Babalobi, B. (2013). Water, sanitation and hygiene practices among primary-school children in Lagos: A case study of the Makoko slum community. Water International, 38(7), 921–929. doi:10.1080/02508060.2013.851368
  • Bailie, R. S., Stevens, M., & McDonald, E. L. (2012). The impact of housing improvement and socio-environmental factors on common childhood illnesses: A cohort study in Indigenous Australian communities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(9), 821–831. doi:10.1136/jech.2011.134874
  • Bessong, P. O., Nyathi, E., Mahopo, T. C., & Netshandama, V. (2014). Development of the dzimauli community in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province of South Africa, for the MAL-ED Cohort Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59(suppl 4), S317–S324. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu418
  • Black, R., Lopez de Romana, G., Brown, K., Bravo, N., Bazalar, O., & Kanashiro, H. (1989). Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(4), 785–799. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115193
  • Bradshaw, D. (2006). South African national burden of disease study: Estimates of provincial mortality. Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Medical Research Council.
  • Briggs, C. L. (2005). Communicability, racial discourse, and disease. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 269–291. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120618
  • Briggs, C. L., & Mantini-Briggs, C. (2003). Stories in the time of Cholera: Racial profiling in a medical nightmare. Berkeley: University California Press.
  • Briones-Chavez, C., Torres-Zevallos, H., Canales, M., Stamato, C. M., O’Riordan, T. G., & Terashima, A. (2013). Differences in prevalence of geohelminth infections between indigenous and settler populations in a remote Amazonian region of Peru. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 18(5), 615–618. doi:10.1111/tmi.12077
  • Bulled, N. (2015). Prescribing HIV prevention: Bringing culture into global health communication. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
  • Clasen, T., Roberts, I., Rabie, T., Schmidt, W., & Cairncross, S. (2006). Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004794.pub2
  • Clasen, T., Schmidt, W. P., Rabie, T., Roberts, I., & Cairncross, S. (2007). Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 334(7597), 782. doi:10.1136/bmj.39118.489931.BE
  • Cousens, S., Kanki, B., Toure, S., Diallo, I., & Curtis, V. (1996). Reactivity and repeatability of hygiene behaviour: Structured observations from Burkina Faso. Social Science and Medicine, 43(9), 1299–1308. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00380-0
  • Curtis, V., & Cairncross, S. (2003). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: A systematic review. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3(5), 275–281. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6
  • Curtis, V., Cousens, S., Mertens, T., Traore, E., Kanki, B., & Diallo, I. (1993). Structured observations of hygiene behaviours in Burkina Faso: Validity, variability, and utility. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 71(1), 23–32.
  • Curtis, V., Kanki, B., Cousen, S., Diallo, I., Kpozehouen, A., Sangare, M., & Al, E. (2001). Evidence of behaviour change following a hygiene promotion programme in Burkina Faso. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(6), 518–527.
  • Curtis, V., Kanki, B., Mertens, T., Traore, E., Diallo, I., Tall, F., & Al, E. (1995). Potties, pits and pipes: Explaining hygiene behaviour in Burkina Faso. Social Science and Medicine, 41(3), 383–393. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)00341-P
  • Demarest, J., Pagsuyoin, S., Learmonth, G., Mellor, J., & Dillingham, R. (2013). Development of a spatial and temporal agent-based model for studying water and health relationships: The case study of two villages in Limpopo, South Africa. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 16(4). doi:10.18564/jasss.2169
  • DWAF. (2010). Water Services National Information System (WS-NIS), sanitation backlog. Retrieved from http://intertest.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/wsnis/default.asp?
  • Ehiri, J., Azubuike, M., Ubbaonu, C., Anyanwu, E., Ibe, K., & Ogbonna, M. (2001). Critical control points of complementary food preparation and handling in eastern Nigeria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(5), 423–433.
  • Ejemot-Nwadiaro, R. I., Ehiri, J. E., Meremikwu, M. M., & Citchley, J. A. (2008). Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD004265. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004265.pub2
  • Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L., & Colford, J. J. (2005). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5(1), 42–52. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8
  • Galitz, T., & Robert, D. (2014). Governing bullying through the new public health model: A Foucauldian analysis of a school anti-bullying programme. Critical Public Health, 24(2), 182–195. doi:10.1080/09581596.2013.784394
  • Gard, M., & Pluim, C. (2014). Schools and public health: Past, present, future. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Gard, M., & Wright, J. (2014). Schools and critical public health: Towards dialogue, collaboration and action. Critical Public Health, 24(2), 109–114. doi:10.1080/09581596.2014.888872
  • Gardner, B., De Bruijn, G. J., & Lally, P. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of applications of the Self-Report Habit Index to nutrition and physical activity behaviours. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(2), 174–187. doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9282-0
  • Graf, J., Meierhofer, R., Wegelin, M., & Mosler, H.-J. (2008). Water disinfection and hygiene behaviour in an urban slum in Kenya: Impact on childhood diarrhoea and influence of beliefs. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 18(5), 335–355. doi:10.1080/09603120801966050
  • Grimason, A. M., Masangwi, S. J., Morse, T. D., Jabu, G. C., Beattie, T. K., Taulo, S. E., & Lungu, K. (2014). Knowledge, awareness and practice of the importance of hand-washing amongst children attending state run primary schools in rural Malawi. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 24(1), 31–43. doi:10.1080/09603123.2013.782601
  • Hoque, B., Mahalanabis, D., Alam, M., & Islam, M. (1995). Postdefecation handwashing in Bangladesh: Practice and efficiency perspectives. Public Health, 109(1), 15–24. doi:10.1016/S0033-3506(95)80071-9
  • Hoque, B., Mahalanabis, D., Pelto, B., & Alam, M. (1995). Research methodology for developing efficient handwashing options: An example from Bangladesh. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98(6), 469–475.
  • Horton, S., & Barker, J. C. (2009). “Stains” on their self-discipline: Public health, hygiene, and the disciplining of undocumented immigrant parents in the nation’s internal borderlands. American Ethnologist, 36(4), 784–798. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01210.x
  • Hutton, G. (2015). Benefits and costs of the water sanitation and hygiene targets for the post-2015 development agenda: Post-2015 consensus. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/publication/post-2015-consensus-water-and-sanitation-assessment-hutton
  • Jamison, D. T., Breman, J. G., Measham, A. R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D. B., … Musgrove, P. (Eds.). (2006). Disease control priorities in developing countries (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Jimenez, A., Cortobius, M., & Kjellen, M. (2014). Water, sanitation and hygiene and indigenous peoples: A review of the literature. Water International, 39(3), 277–293. doi:10.1080/02508060.201.903453
  • Kaltenthaler, E., Waterman, R., & Cross, P. (1991). Faecal indicator bacteria on the hands and the effectiveness of hand-washing in Zimbabwe. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94(5), 358–363.
  • Kroeger, A., Schulz, S., Witte, B., Skewes-Ramm, R., & Etzler, A. (1992). Helminthiasis and cultural change in the Peruvian rainforest. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(2), 104–113.
  • Lanata, C., Huttly, S., & Yeager, B. (1998). Diarrhea: Whose feces matter? Reflections from studies in a Peruvian shanty town. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 17(1), 7–9. doi:10.1097/00006454-199801000-00003
  • LeBaron, C., Furutan, N., Lew, J., Allen, J., Gouvea, V., Moe, C., & Al, E. (1990). Viral agents of gastroenteritis. Public health importance and outbreak management. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report, 39(RR–5), 1–24.
  • Liu, L., Johnson, H. L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., & Lawn, J. E.; UNICEF. (2012). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet, 379(9832), 2151–2161.
  • Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Feikin, D. R., Painter, J., Billhimer, W., Altaf, A., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2005). Effect of handwashing on child health: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 366(9481), 225–233. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66912-7
  • Mainassara, H. B., & Tohon, Z. (2014). Assessing the health impact of the following measures in schools in Maradi (Niger): Construction of latrines, clean water supply, establishment of hand washing stations, and health education. Journal of Parasitology Research, 1, 1–8. doi:10.1155/2014/190451
  • Manun’Ebo, M., Cousens, S., Haggerty, P., Kalengaie, M., Ashworth, A., & Kirkwood, B. (1997). Measuring hygiene practices: A comparison of questionnaires with direct observations in rural Zaire. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2(11), 1015–1021. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-180.x
  • Mara, D. (2003). Water, sanitation and hygiene for the health of developing nations. Public Health, 117, 452–456. doi:10.1016/S0033-3506(03)00143-4
  • McDonald, E., & Bailie, R. (2010). Hygiene improvement: Essential to improving child health in remote Aboriginal communities. Journal of Paediatric Child Health, 46(9), 491–496. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01846.x
  • Mellor, J., Abebe, L., Ehdaie, B., Dillingham, R., & Smith, J. (2014). Modeling the sustainability of a ceramic water filter intervention. Water Research, 49, 286–299. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.035
  • Mellor, J., Smith, J., Samie, A., & Dillingham, R. (2013). Coliform sources and mechanisms for regrowth in household drinking water in Limpopo, South Africa. Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York), 139(9), 1152–1161. doi:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000722
  • Mosler, H.-J. (2012). A systematic approach to behavior change interventions for the water and sanitation sector in developing countries: A conceptual model, a review, and a guideline. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 22(5), 431–449. doi:10.1080/09603123.2011.650156
  • Murray, C., & Lopez, A. (1996). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Murray, C., Vos, T., Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Flaxman, A. D., Michaud, C., … Memish, Z. A. (2012). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380(9859), 2197–2223. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61689-4
  • Ndiritu, J., Odiyo, J., Makungo, R., Ntuli, C., & Mwaka, B. (2011). Yield-reliability analysis for rural domestic water supply from combined rainwater harvesting and run-of-river abstraction. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(2), 238–248. doi:10.1080/02626667.2011.555766
  • Oria, R., Pinkerton, R., Lima, A., & Guerrant, R. (2010). DALYs and Diarrhea. In V. Preedy & R. Watson (Eds.), Handbook of disease burdens and quality of life measures (pp. 1221–1232). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Ram, P., Halder, A., Granger, S., Jones, T., Hall, P., Hitchcock, D., … Luby, S. (2010). Is structured observation a valid technique to measure handwashing behavior? Use of acceleration sensors embedded in soap to assess reactivity to structured observation. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(5), 1070–1076. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0763
  • Schmitt, R., Bryan, F., Jermini, M., Chilufya, E., Hakalima, A., Zyuulu, M., & Al, E. (1997). Hazards and critical control points of food preparation in homes in which persons had diarrhoea in Zambia. Journal of Food Protection, 60(2), 161–171. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-60.2.161
  • Shahid, N., Greenough, W., Samadi, A., Huq, M., & Rahaman, N. (1996). Handwashing with soap reduces diarrhoea and spread of bacterial pathogens in a Bangladesh village. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 14(2), 85–89.
  • Sibiya, J. E., & Gumbo, J. R. (2013). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey on water, sanitation and hygiene in selected schools in Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 2282–2295. doi:10.3390/ijerph10062282
  • Traore, E., Cousens, S., Curtis, V., Mertens, T., Tall, F., Traore, A., & Al, E. (1994). Childhood defecation behaviour, stool disposal practices, and childhood diarrhoea in Burkina Faso: Results from a case-control study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 48(3), 270–275. doi:10.1136/jech.48.3.270
  • UNICEF. (2015). Advancing WASH in schools monitoring, 2015. New York, NY: UNICEF.
  • UNICEF. (2017). Diarrhoea remains a leading killer of young children, despite the availability of a simple treatment solution. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/diarrhoeal-disease/
  • UNICEF/WHO. (2015). 25 years of progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2015 update and MGD assessment. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • US Department of Health Services. (1999). Recommendations of the US Public Health Services (Food Code 1999, Publication Number PB99-115925:43).
  • The Water Project. (2017). Water scarcity and the importance of water. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from www.thewaterproject.org/water-scarcity
  • WHO. (2011). Water sanitation health: Microbia aspects. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/9789241548151_ch07.pdf?ua=1
  • WHO/UNICEF. (2012). Levels and trends in child mortality. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • WHO/UNICEF. (2017). Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for water supply and sanitation (wssinfo.org). Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.