References
- Adamou, R., Alhou, B., & Garba, Z. (2015). Impact de la pollution anthropique du fleuve Niger sur la prolifération de la jacinthe d’eau. Journal Des Sciences, 1, 25–38. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkozje))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2410879
- Ba, S., Issoufou, M., Tiemoko, A., Meylan, F., & Susan, C. (2019). Initial report on pollution hotspots analysis in the Niger River basin – Final version. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and Niger Basin Authority (NBA).
- Benin Constitution. (1990). Constitution de la République du Bénin. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/bj/bj001fr.pdf
- Burkina Faso Constitution. (1991). Constitution du Burkina Faso. Retrieved December 19, 2020, Retrieved https://www.assembleenationale.bf/IMG/pdf/loi_072_portant_revision_de_la_constitution.pdf
- Cameroon Constitution. (1996). Constitution de la République du Cameroun. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.assnat.cm/images/La_Constitution.pdf
- Chad Constitution. (2018). Constitution de la République du Tchad. Retrieved December 19, 2020, Retrieved http://www.laltdh.org/pdf/constution_tchad.pdf
- Code of Public Hygiene of 21 September 1987. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ben18701.pdf
- Côte d'Ivoire Constitution. (2016). Constitution de la République de Côte d’Ivoire. Journal Officielle de la République de Côte d’Ivoire du Mercredi 9 novembre 2016, cinquante-huitieme annee N°16. Retrieved December 19, 2020, Retrieved http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ivc160760.pdf
- Criminal Code Act Chapter (Cap) C39 Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (LFN). 2004. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.lawyard.ng/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CRIMINAL-CODE-ACT-2004.pdf
- Decree 09-904 2009-08-06 PR/PM/MERH [Décret 09-904 2009-08-06 PR/PM/MERH Décret portant réglementation des pollutions et des nuisances à l’environnement]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Chad/TD_Decret_pollution_et_nuissances.pdf
- Decree No. 01 395/P-RM of September 6, 2001 [Décret n°01-395/p-rm fixant les modalités de gestion des eaux usées et des gadoues]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/es/c/LEX-FAOC049663
- Decree No 2001-109 of 4 April 2001 [Décret N° 2001-109 du 04 avril 2001]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2001-109/
- Decree No. 2001/165/PM of 08 May 2001 [Décret N° 2001/165/PM du 08 mai 2001 Précisant les modalités de protection des eaux de surface et des eaux souterraines contre la pollution]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://874a82d5-4005-4efe-b9fb-326a91767e73.filesusr.com/ugd/4231e8_1b33f710660549a3a83b4ded7df4f857.pdf
- Decree No. 2011/2585/PM of 23 August 2011 [Décret n°2011/2585/PM du 23 août 2011 fixant la liste des substances nocives ou dangereuses et le régime de leur rejet dans les eaux continentales]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cmr195748.pdf
- Decree No. 2012-1047 of 24 October 2012 [Décret n° 2012-1047 du 24 octobre 2012, fixant les modalités d’application du principe pollueur-payeur tel que défini par la loi n° 96-766 portant Code de l’environnement.]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/decret-n-2012-1047-du-24-octobre-2012-fixant-les-modalites-dapplication-du-principe-pollueur-payeur-tel-que-defini-par-la-loi-no-96-766-portant-code-de-lenvironnement-lex-faoc122634/
- Decree No 2015-1205 IPRES-TRANS/PMI/MERH/IMEF/MARHASAIMS/MRA/MICAI/MS/MIDT/MATD [Décret N°2015-1205-PRESTRANS/PM/MERH/MEF/MARHASA/MS/MRA/MICA/MME/MIDT/MATD du 28 octobre 2015 portant normes et conditions de déversements des eaux usées]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/bkf154947.pdf
- Dessouassi, R., Bisson, P., & Boyer, J. F. (2010). The observatory of Niger Basin authority – A tool for trans-boundary integrated water management governance. Paper presented at the Scientific and Technical Information and Rural Development IAALD XIIIth World Congress, Montpellier, 26-29 April 2010. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/558083/1/document_558083.pdf
- Douny, C., Zoumenou, Y. M., Aïna, M., Toko, I. I., Igout, A., Guedegba, L., Chabi, S. K., Kestemont, P., & Scippo, M. L. (2021). Contamination of water, sediment and fish with residues of pesticides used in cotton production in Northern Benin. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81(3), 367–385. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-021-00888-2
- Färber, C., Saile, P., Lisniak, D., Fader, M., Demuth, S., Warner, S., & Kremer, H. (2018). Good ambient water quality: Monitoring methodology and first results of SDG indicator 6.3.2. In EGU General Assembly Conference abstracts (p. 16465). https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EGUGA.2016465F
- Guinee Constitution. (2010). Constitution de Guinée 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://justiceguinee.gov.gn/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Constitution-guineenne-de-2010.pdf
- Harmful waste (Special criminal provisions, etc.) Act 1988. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/harmful-waste-special-criminal-provisions-etc-act-1988-lex-faoc018377/
- Hering, J. G. (2017). Managing the ‘Monitoring imperatives’ in the context of SDG target 6.3 on water quality and wastewater. Sustainability, 9(9), 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091572
- Hogarh, J. N., Adu-Gyamfi, E., Nukpezah, D., Akoto, O., & Adu-Kumi, S. (2016). Contamination from mercury and other heavy metals in a mining district in Ghana: Discerning recent trends from sediment core analysis. Environmental Systems Research, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-016-0067-0
- Holt, M. S. (2000). Sources of chemical contaminants and routes into the freshwater environment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38, S21–S27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00136-2
- Ivanova, L. V., Minin, R. V., & Perezhogina, G. V. (2021). Legislative regulation of criminal liability for environmental crimes in the BRICS countries. Statute Law Review.
- Kershaw, P. J., & Rochman, C. M. (2015). Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: Part 2 of a global assessment. Reports and Studies-IMO/FAO/Unesco-IOC/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) Eng No. 93. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XF2017002714
- Law 01-020 ANRM of April 26, 2001 [Loi n° 01-020 relative aux pollutions et aux nuisances]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/loi-n-01-020-relative-aux-pollutions-et-aux-nuisances-lex-faoc073664/
- Law 98/005 of April 14, 1998 on water regime [Loi No. 98 /005 du 14 Avril 1998 portant régime de l’eau]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cmr33974.pdf
- Law L/94/005/CTRN of February 14 1994 [Loi L/94/005/CTRN Portant code de l’eau – 15 Février 1994]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC004825/
- Law No 02-006/of 31 JAN 2002 bearing the water code [Loi n°2-006 du 31 janvier 2002 portant code de l’eau au Mali]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://demarchesadministratives.gouv.ml/files/upload/justice/Codeeau2002.pdf
- Law No. 022-2005/AN on the Code of Public Hygiene in Burkina Faso [Loi n° 22-2005/AN portant Code de l’hygiène publique au Burkina Faso]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/loi-n-22-2005an-portant-code-de-lhygiene-publique-au-burkina-faso-lex-faoc053270/
- Law No. 16/PR/99 of 18 August 1999 on the water code [Loi n° 016/PR/99 portant Code de l’eau]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/loi-no-016pr99-portant-code-de-leau-lex-faoc018685/
- Law No. 2010-44 of 24 November 2010 [Loi N°2010-44 du 24 novembre 2010 portant gestion de l’eau en République du Benin]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.ecolex.org/fr/details/legislation/loi-n2010-44-du-24-novembre-2010-portant-gestion-de-leau-en-republique-du-benin-lex-faoc133947/
- Law No. 96/12 of 5 August 1996 on the framework of environmental management. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.informea.org/fr/node/458845
- Law No. 96-766 of October 3, 1996 on the environment code [Loi-cadre n° 96-766 portant Code de l’environnement]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC021344/
- Law No. 98-056 of 29 December 1998 [Loi N° 98-56 du 29 Décembre 1998 portant loi-cadre relative à la Gestion de l’Environnement]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ner19572.pdf
- Law No. 98-755 of 23 December 1998 on the water code [Loi n° 98-755 portant Code de l’eau]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.gouv.ci/doc/accords/1449056551code_de_eau.pdf
- Lebreton, L. C., Van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J. W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., & Reisser, J. (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications, 8(1), 15611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
- Ly, O., Yaro, F. K., Sy, A., Diawara, F., Kone, S., Iknane, A. A., Sako, M., & Touré, O. (2020). Impact des activitCs de teinture et de lessive sur la qualité des eaux du Fleuve Niger à Bamako: Évaluation de l’oxygène, de la DBO5 et de la DCO. Revue Malienne de Science et de Technologie, 1(24), 1–10. https://revues.ml/index.php/rmst/article/view/1946
- Mali Constitution. (1992). Constitution de la République du Mali. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.cjca-conf.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/04/Constitution_Mali.pdf
- Maluwa, T. (1988). Legal aspects of the Niger River under the Niamey Treaties. Natural Resources Journal, 28(4), 671–697.
- National environmental protection (Pollution abatement in industries and facilities generating wastes) regulations 1991. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/nig120294.pdf
- National environmental standards and regulations enforcement agency (Establishment) Act (NESREA Act) 2007, ACT No. 25. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/nig120569.pdf
- NBA. (2008). Niger Basin Water Charter.
- NBA. (2010). Study for the establishment of a system for monitoring the quality of water in the Niger Basin, PSC/CIDA for NBA. GÉO-HYD.
- NBA. (2011). Appendix N°1 to the Niger Basin Water Charter relating to the protection of environment.
- NESREA. (2021). Laws & regulations: Thirty-three (33) environmental regulations. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, 2009–2014. Retrieved October 31, 2021 from https://www.nesrea.gov.ng/publications-downloads/laws-regulations/
- Niger Constitution. (2010). La constitution de la VIIème République du Niger. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/constitution_7eme_rep.pdf
- Nigeria Constitution. (1999). Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/179202
- Nkosi, B. R., & Odeku, K. O. (2014). Analysis of water pollution control laws in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(23), 2572. https://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/4902
- Oil in Navigable Waters Act (ONWA) 1968, Cap 0.10 LFN 2004. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/nig18389.pdf. Order A/2015/No 342/MIPMEPSP/CAB [Arrêté n° A/2015/342/MIPMEPSP/CAB du 27 février 2015, portant homologation de six normes guinéennes relatives à la protection de l’environnement]
- Order, N. 140/MSP/LCE/DGSP/DS/DH [Arrêté n° 140/MSP/LCE/ du 27 septembre 2004, fixant les normes de rejet des déchets dans les milieux naturels]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ner95225.pdf
- Ordinance No. 2010-09 of 1 April 2010 on the water code [Ordonnance n°2010-09 du 1er avril 2010 portant Code de l’Eau au Niger]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC131280/
- Ordinances N 045/PRG/87 and N ° 022/PRG/89 code of protection and development of the environment [Ordonnance n°1987-45/PRG du 28 mai 1987 portant Code de la protection et de la mise en valeur de l’environnement]. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/guinee/Guinee-Code-1987-environnement.pdf
- Parris, K. (2011). Impact of agriculture on water pollution in OECD countries: Recent trends and future prospects. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 27(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.531898
- Salman, S. M. (2007). The Helsinki rules, the UN watercourses convention and the Berlin Rules: Perspectives on international water law. Water Resources Development, 23(4), 625–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620701488562
- Schmidt, C., Krauth, T., & Wagner, S. (2017). Export of plastic debris by rivers into the sea. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(21), 12246–12253. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02368
- Shrestha, A. M., Neupane, S., & Bisht, G. (2017). An assessment of physicochemical parameters of selected industrial effluents in Nepal. Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3659561
- Uhlendahl, T., Salian, P., Casarotto, C., & Doetsch, J. (2011). Good water governance and IWRM in Zambia: Challenges and chances. Water Policy, 13(6), 845–862. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.155
- UN DESA. (2015). Sustainable development goals knowledge platform. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6
- UN General Assembly. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, 21 October 2015, A/RES/70/1. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.refworld.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html
- UN Water. (2016). Integrated monitoring. guide for SDG 6. Targets and global indicators. version 19 July 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from http://www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2016/04/Integrated-Monitoring-Guide-for-SDG6.pdf
- Unyimadu, J. P., Osibanjo, O., & Babayemi, J. O. (2019). Concentration and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments of the Niger River, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Pollution, 9(22), 190606. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.22.190606
- Water Resources Act, No. 101 of 1993. Retrieved December 19, 2020, Retrieved https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/water-resources-act-lex-faoc004832/