Rhetoric and reality in Bangladesh: elite stakeholder perceptions of the implementation of tourism policy

References

• Adiyia, B., Stoffelen, A., Jennes, B., Vanneste, D., & Ahebwa, W. M. (2015). Analysing governance in tourism value chains to reshape the tourist bubble in developing countries: The case of cultural tourism in Uganda. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(2-3), 113–129.
   Google Scholar
• Airey, D. (2015). Developments in understanding tourism policy. Tourism Review, 70(4), 246–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airey, D., & Chong, K. (2011). Tourism in China: Policy and development since 1949. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Airey, D., & Ruhanen, L. (2014). Tourism policy-making in Australia: A national and state perspective. Tourism Planning and Development, 11(2), 149–162.
   Google Scholar
• Alavi, J., & Yasin, M. M. (2000). A systematic approach to tourism policy. Journal of Business Research, 48(2), 147–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht, J. N. (2017). Challenges in national-level tourism strategy implementation A long-term perspective on the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2015. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(3), 329–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida-García, F. (2018). Analysis of tourism policy in a developing country: The case of Morocco. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 10(1), 48–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amore, A., & Hall, C. M. (2017). National and urban public policy in tourism. Towards the emergence of a hyperneoliberal script?. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 7(1), 4–22.
   Google Scholar
• Anastasaidou, C. (2008). Stakeholder perspectives on the European Union tourism policy framework and their preferences on the type of involvement. International Journal or Tourism Research, 10(3), 221–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriotis, K. (2018). Degrowth in tourism: Conceptual, theoretical and philosophical issues. Oxfordshire: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Andriotis, K., Stylidis, D., & Weidenfeld, A. (2018). Tourism policy and planning implementation: Issues and challenges. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Asian Development Bank. (2016). Sustainable tourism: An opportunity for economic growth in the Pacific. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/news/features/sustainable-tourism-opportunity-economic-growth-pacific.
   Google Scholar
• Bahaire, T., & Elliott-White, M. (1999). Community participation in tourism planning and development in the historic city of York, England. Current Issues in Tourism, 2(2–3), 243–276.
   Google Scholar
• Bangladesh Bank. (2019). Wage earners remittance inflows: Selected country wise. Retrieved from https://www.bb.org.bd/econdata/wagermidtl.php.
   Google Scholar
• Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC). (2018). About us. Retrieved from http://www.parjatan.portal.gov.bd/.
   Google Scholar
• Bangladesh Tourism Board (BTB). (2018). Home. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/12cI0oY.
   Google Scholar
• Becken, S., & Clapcott, R. (2011). National tourism policy for climate change. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3(1), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, B. L. (2007). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Bhandari, K. (2019). International development ideology and two tourism policies of Nepal. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37(3), 558–576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi, R. V. (2009). The ‘critical turn’ in tourism studies: A radical critique. Tourism Geographies, 11(4), 484–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickman, L., & Rog, D. (2009). The SAGE handbook of applied social research methods. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Botterill, D. (2014). Constructionism–a critical realist reply. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 292–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, D., Zubair, S., & Altinay, L. (2016). Politics and tourism destination development: The evolution of power. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 725–743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2000). Tourism collaboration and partnerships: Politics, practice and sustainability (Vol. 2). Bristol: Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2011). Critical research on the governance of tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), 411–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2019). Bangladesh country profile. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12650940.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2007). Business research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, P. M. (2004). Tourism planning: A third way? Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 24–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, R. (2009). Tourism in the future: Cycles, waves or wheels? Futures, 41, 346–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, D., & Airey, D. (2001). Tourism policy in Jamaica: A tale of two governments. Current Issues in Tourism, 4(2–4), 94–104.
   Google Scholar
• Chaperon, S. (2017a). Tourism policies. In L. L. Lowry (Ed.), The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and tourism (pp. 427–430). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chaperon, S. (2017b). Tourism industry responses to public-private partnership arrangements for destination management organisations in small island economies: A case study of Jersey, Channel Islands. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 7(1), 23–41.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Darbi, W. P. K., & Hall, C. M. (2014). Elite interviews: Critical practice and tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(9), 832–848.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dela Santa, E. (2018). Fiscal incentives for tourism development in the Philippines: A case study from Policy Networks and Advocacy Coalition Framework. Tourism Planning and Development, 15(6), 615–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodds, R. (2007). Sustainable tourism and policy implementation: Lessons from the case of Calvia. Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(4), 296–322.
   Google Scholar
• Dodds, R., & Butler, R. (2009). Barriers to implementing sustainable tourism policy in mass tourism destinations. TOURISMOS: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 5(1), 35–53.
   Google Scholar
• Dredge, D. (2006). Policy networks and the local organisation of tourism. Tourism Management, 27, 269–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dredge, D. (2010). Place change and tourism development conflict: Evaluating public interest. Tourism Management, 31(1), 104–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dredge, D., & Jamal, T. (2015). Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production. Tourism Management, 51, 285–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dredge, D., & Jenkins, J. (2007). Tourism planning and policy. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Dredge, D., & Jenkins, J. (2012). Australian national tourism policy: Influences of reflexive and political modernisation. Tourism Planning and Development, 9(3), 231–251.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(6), 1319–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgell, D. L. S., & Swanson, J. R. (2018). Tourism policy and planning: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot, J. (1997). Tourism: Politics and the public sector. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Estol, J., Camilleri, M., & Font, X. (2018). European Union tourism policy: An institutional theory critical discourse analysis. Tourism Review, 73(3), 421–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Financial Express. (2019). Tourist arrivals rise in five years. Retrieved from https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/tourist-arrivals-rise-in-five-years-1569469201.
   Google Scholar
• Geology.com. (2019). Map of Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://geology.com/world/bangladesh-satellite-image.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Guachalla, A. (2018). Perception and experience of urban areas for cultural tourism: A social constructivist approach in Covent Garden. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(3), 297–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, C. (1998). Tourism planning. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Gunn, C., & Var, T. (2002). Tourism planning: Basics, concepts and cases. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M. (2009). Archetypal approaches to implementation and their implications for tourism policy. Tourism Recreation Research, 34(3), 235–245.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M. (2011). A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 437–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C.-M., & Jenkins, J. (1995). Tourism and public policy. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, W. S. (2010). Methodological approaches for interviewing elites. Geography Compass, 4(3), 193–205.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, W. S. (2011). Strategies for conducting elite interviews. Qualitative Research, 11(4), 431–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, A., & Burns, P. (2014). Tourism policies of Bangladesh – A contextual analysis. Tourism Planning and Development, 11(4), 463–466.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, A., & Kokkranikal, J. (2018). Tourism policy planning in Bangladesh: Background and some steps Forward. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), 15(1), 79–87.
   Google Scholar
• Hollinshead, K. (2006). The shift to constructivism in social inquiry: Some pointers for tourism studies. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(2), 43–58.
   Google Scholar
• Honeck, D., & Akhtar, M. S. (2014). Achieving Bangladesh’s Tourism Potential: Linkages to Export Diversification, Employment Generation and the ‘Green Economy’. Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/104756/1/798048549.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hood, C. (1986). The tools of government. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain, M. J., Chowdhury, F. S., & Ahmed, R. (2012). Status of tourism research in Bangladesh: A review of literature. Bangladesh Research Foundation Journal, 1(1), 197–206.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, F., & Carlsen, J. (2012). Tourism in rural Bangladesh: Unlocking opportunities for poverty alleviation? Tourism Recreation Research, 37(1), 37–45.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, F., & Carlsen, J. (2016). Indigenous communities, tourism development and extreme poverty alleviation in rural Bangladesh. Tourism Economics, 22(3), 645–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, M. W., Rahman, M. M., Iftekhar, M. S., & Rakkibu, M. G. (2013). Can community-based tourism facilitate conservation of the Bangladesh Sundarbans? Journal of Ecotourism, 12(2), 119–129.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, C. L. (2015). Tourism policy and planning for developing countries: Some critical issues. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2), 144–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joppe, M. (1996). Sustainable community tourism development revisited. Tourism Management, 17(7), 475–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joppe, M. (2018). Tourism policy and governance: Quo vadis? Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 201–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S., Kim, J., & Nicholls, S. (2014). National tourism policy and spatial patterns of domestic tourism in South Korea. Journal of Travel Research, 53(6), 791–804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, P. (2015). Tourism policy in advanced economies: How can it be effective and efficient? Tourism Review, 70(4), 264–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennell, J. (2017). ‘National tourism offices’. In L. Lowry (Ed.), The Sage international encyclopedia of travel and tourism (pp. 861–862). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kilicbeyli, E. H. (2011). Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the developing world: The case of Turkey. Global Management Journal, 4(1-2), 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Kokkranikal, J., Cronje, P., & Butler, R. (2011). Tourism policy and destination marketing in developing countries: The chain of influence. Tourism Planning & Development, 8(4), 359–380.
   Google Scholar
• Krutwaysho, O., & Bramwell, B. (2010). Tourism policy implementation and society. Annals of Tourism Research, 37, 670–691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvale, S. (2008). Doing interviews. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, K., Li, Y., & Feng, X. (2006). Gap between tourism planning and implementation: A case of China. Tourism Management, 27, 1171–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D. (2011). Bangladesh: Politics, economy and civil society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liasidou, S. (2017). Drafting a realistic tourism policy: The airlines’ strategic influence. Tourism Review, 72(1), 28–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liasidou, S. (2019). Understanding tourism policy development: A documentary analysis. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 11(1), 70–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilleker, D. G. (2003). Interviewing the political elite: Navigating a potential minefield. Politics, 23(3), 207–214.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S. (1995). Emerging criteria for quality in qualitative and interpretive research. Qualitative Inquiry, 1(3), 275–289.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, C. H., Tzeng, G. H., & Lee, M. H. (2012). Improving tourism policy implementation–The use of hybrid MCDM models. Tourism Management, 33(2), 413–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X. (2018). Interviewing elites: Methodological issues confronting a novice. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manyara, G., Jones, E., & Botterill, D. (2006). Tourism and poverty alleviation: The case for indigenous enterprise development in Kenya. Tourism Culture & Communication, 7(1), 19–37.
   Google Scholar
• Marafa, L. M., Qi, H., & Chan, C. S. (2019). The roles of hierarchical administrations of tourism governance in China: A content analysis. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 11(2), 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxim, C. (2015). Drivers of success in implementing sustainable tourism policies in urban areas. Tourism Planning and Development, 12(1), 37–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. (2018). Policies and law. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/i5greK.
   Google Scholar
• Nyaupane, G. P., & Timothy, D. J. (2010). Power, regionalism and tourism policy in Bhutan. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), 969–988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paddison, B., & Walmsley, A. (2018). New public management in tourism: A case study of York. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 910–926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechlaner, H., & Sauerwein, E. (2002). Strategy implementation in the Alpine tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 14(4), 157–168.
   Google Scholar
• Pernecky, T. (2012). Constructionism: Critical pointers for tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1116–1137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PPPA. (2019). PPP Projects. Retrieved from http://www.pppo.gov.bd/projects.php.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, I., Williams, A. M., & Hall, C. M. (2014). Tourism innovation policy: Implementation and outcomes. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 76–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. London: FT-Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, S., & Lekane Tsobgou, D. (2016). Developing tourism products and new partnerships through participatory action research in rural Cameroon. Geographical Research, 54(2), 143–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selin, S. (1999). Developing a typology of sustainable tourism partnerships. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(3), 260–273.
   Google Scholar
• Siddique, M. A. B. (2010). Evaluation of Tourism Policy 2010. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/AbuSiddique17/evaluation-of-tourism-policy-2010.
   Google Scholar
• Slocum, S. L., & Backman, K. F. (2011). Understanding government capacity in tourism development as a poverty alleviation tool: A case study of Tanzanian policy-makers. Tourism Planning & Development, 8(3), 281–296.
   Google Scholar
• Steins, N. A., & Edwards, V. M. (1999). Collective action in common-pool resource management: The contribution of a social constructivist perspective to existing theory. Society and Natural Resources, 12(6), 539–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, N., Airey, D., & Miller, G. (2008). Tourism policy planning: The policymakers’ perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 732–750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telfer, D. J., & Sharply, R. (2016). Tourism and development in the developing world. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tosun, C., & Timothy, D. J. (2001). Shortcomings in planning approaches to tourism development in developing countries: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), 352–359.
   Google Scholar
• Tribe, J. (2008). Tourism: A critical business. Journal of Travel Research, 46(3), 245–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuhin, M. K. W., & Majumder, M. T. H. (2011). An appraisal of tourism industry development in Bangladesh. European Journal of Business Management, 3(3), 287–299.
   Google Scholar
• Veal, A. J. (2007). Research methods for leisure and tourism. London: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Velasco, M. (2016a). Dynamics of Spanish tourism policy: The political system as a driver and policy instruments as indicators of change (1952-2015). International Journal of Tourism Policy, 6(3–4), 256–272.
   Google Scholar
• Velasco, M. (2016b). Tourism policy. Farazmand, A. Global encyclopedia of public administration, public policy, and governance. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Visit Bangladesh. (2019). Major attractions. Retrieved from https://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/things-to-see/major-attractionbangladesh/.
   Google Scholar
• Walmsley, A. (2019). Policy decisions and tourism: Unintended consequences or deliberate neglect – reactions to the ban on term time holidays in the UK’s South West. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 11(1), 179–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, D., & Ap, J. (2013). Factors affecting tourism policy implementation: A conceptual framework and a case study in China. Tourism Management, 36, 221–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2019a). GDP growth. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.kd.zg?locations=bdandyear_high_desc=false.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2019b). International tourism, number of arrivals. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?end=2014andlocations=BD-IN-NP-MMandstart=1997.
   Google Scholar
• World Travel and Tourism Council. (2018). Economic impact 2018: Bangladesh. London: World Travel and Tourism Council.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, L., Zhang, J., Lu, Q., & Rahman, A. S. (2017). Tourist adaptation behavior in response to climate disasters in Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 217–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Cano, M. D. & Kim, S-i (2019). Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Sustainability, 11(9), 2506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q. H., Chong, K., & Jenkins, C. L. (2002). Tourism policy implementation in mainland China: An enterprise perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 14(1), 38–42.
   Google Scholar