#Wildlifeselfies: insights into the ocular consumption of marine wildlife

References

• Blackburn, S. (2014). Mirror, mirror: The uses and abuses of self-love. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Bruce, B. D., & Bradford, R. W. (2013). The effects of shark cage-diving operations on the behaviour and movements of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Neptune Islands, South Australia. Marine Biology, 160(4), 889–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2142-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgin, S., & Hardiman, N. (2015). Effects of non-consumptive wildlife-oriented tourism on marine species and prospects for their sustainable management. Journal of Environmental Management, 151(15), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederholm, E. A. (2004). The Use of photo-elicitation in tourism research – framing the backpacker experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(3), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250410003870
   Google Scholar
• Curtin, S. (2006). Swimming with dolphins: A phenomenological exploration of tourist recollections. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.577
   Google Scholar
• Dans, S. L., Crespo, E. A., & Coscarella, M. A. (2017). Wildlife tourism: Underwater behavioral responses of South American sea lions to swimmers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 188, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rojas, C., & Camarero, C. (2008). Visitors’ experience, mood and satisfaction in a heritage context: Evidence from an interpretation center. Tourism Management, 29(3), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, J. E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N., & Norgate, S. (2014). Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(1), 84–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.718323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diefenbach, S., & Christoforakos, L. (2017). The selfie paradox: Nobody seems to like them yet everyone has reasons to take them. An exploration of psychological functions of selfies in self-presentation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinhopl, A., & Gretzel, U. (2016). Selfie-taking as touristic looking. Annals of Tourism Research, 57, 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.12.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennell, D. A. (2015). Akrasia and tourism: Why we sometimes act against our better judgement? Tourism Recreation Research, 40(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1006419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkler, W., Davis, S., & Seddon, P. (2021). Wildlife selfies and sustainable tourism. In W. Finkler & S. Davis (Eds.), The science of hope – eye to eye with our world’s wildlife (pp. 146–149). Exisle Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Fiori, L., Martinez, E., Orams, M. B., & Bollard, B. (2019). Effects of whale-based tourism in Vava’u, Kingdom of Tonga: Behavioural responses of humpback whales to vessel and swimming tourism activities. PLoS ONE, 14(7), e0219364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, S. (2019, June). Why we’re shining a light on wildlife tourism [Editorial]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/06/why-national-geographic-is-shining-a-light-on-wildlife-tourism/
   Google Scholar
• Green, R. J. (2017). Disturbing skippy on tour: Does it really matter? Ecological and ethical implications of disturbing wildlife. In I. Borges de Lima & R. Green (Eds.), Wildlife tourism, environmental learning and ethical encounters (pp. 221–233). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gretzel, U. (2017). #Travelselfie: A netnographic study of travel identity communicated via Instagram. In Susan Carson & Mark Pennings (Eds.), Performing cultural tourism (pp. 115–127). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M., & Lew, A. A. (2009). Understanding and managing tourism impacts: An integrated approach. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, M. (2013, June, 17) Family albums fade as the young put only themselves in picture. Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10123875/Family-albums-fade-as-the-young-put-only-themselves-in-picture.html
   Google Scholar
• Higham, J. E. S., Bejder, L., Allen, S. J., Corkeron, P. J., & Lusseau, D. (2016). Managing whale-watching as a non-lethal consumptive activity. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1062020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham, J. E. S., & Lück, M. (2008). Marine wildlife and tourism management: In search of scientific approaches to sustainability. In J. Higham & M. Lück (Eds.), Marine wildlife and tourism management: Insights from the natural and social sciences (pp. 1–16). CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Hoarau, L., Dalleau, M., Delaspre, S., Barra, T., & Landes, A.-E. (2020). Assessing and mitigating humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) disturbance of whale-watching activities in Reunion Island. Tourism in Marine Environments, 15(3–4), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320X15943326793398
   Google Scholar
• Holden, A. (2016). Environment and tourism (3rd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, M. J., & Mavani, K. J. (2017). A comprehensive study of worldwide selfie-related accidental mortality: A growing problem of the modern society. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 24(4), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2016.1278240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, L. R., Gregg, E. A., Bekessy, S. A., Robinson, J. A., & Garrard, G. E. (2018). Tweeting for their lives: Visibility of threatened species on twitter. Journal for Nature Conservation, 46(December), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R., Patterson, A., & Ashman, R. (2017). Networks of desire: How technology increases our passion to consume. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(5), 659–682. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, Y. J., & Kwon, K. (2015). Consuming the objectified self: The quest for authentic self. Asian Social Science, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n2p301
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. (2008). Practices and flows of digital photography: An ethnographic framework. Mobilities, 3(1), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100701797398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, A. J., Budziak, A., Campbell, I., Cornish, A., Ender, I., Jeffries, B., Kanstinger, P., Macdonald, C., Marston, J., Stevens, G., & Ward-Paige, C. A. (2016). Responsible shark & ray tourism: A guide to best practice. Gland, Switzerland: WWF, and rancho santa margarita, USA: Project AWARE and dorset. Manta Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, D. H. (2009). Mobile snapshots and private/public boundaries. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 22(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12130-009-9081-0
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. S. (2001). Tourist gaze: Universal concept. Tourism Culture & Communication, 3(2), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830401108750724
   Google Scholar
• Lemelin, R. H., & Wiersma, E. C. (2007). Gazing upon Nanuk, the polar bear: The social and visual dimensions of the wildlife gaze in Churchill, Manitoba. Polar Geography, 30(1-2), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370701666663
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S., & Walker, D. (2018). Global best practice guidance for responsible whale and dolphin watching. World Cetacean Alliance. https://worldcetaceanalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WCA-Global-Best-Practice-Guidance-Whale-Watch-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lobel, P. S. (2008). Diver eco-tourism and the behaviour of reef sharks and rays – an overview. In P. Brueggeman & N. W. Pollock (Eds.), Diving for Science 2008. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 27th Symposium Dauphin Island. AUS. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Lobinger, K., & Brantner, C. (2015). In the eye of the beholder: Subjective views on the authenticity of selfies. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1848–1860. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lück, M., & Porter, B. A. (2018). The ethical dilemma of provisioning pelagic birds in exchange for a close encounter. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(4), 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1520238
   Google Scholar
• Lyu, S. O. (2016). Travel selfies on social media as objectified self-presentation. Tourism Management, 54(3), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, E., Orams, M. B., Pawley, M. D. M., & Stockin, K. A. (2012). The use of auditory stimulants during swim encounters with Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) in Akaroa Harbour, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science, 28(3), E295–E315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00528.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCain, J. L., Borg, Z. G., Rothenberg, A. H., Churillo, K. M., Weiler, P., & Campbell, W. K. (2016). Personality and selfies: Narcissism and the dark triad. Computers in Human Behaviour, 64, 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. (2015). Photography in the age of Snapchat, anthropology and photography, Volume 1. Royal Anthropological Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Newsome, D., Dowling, R., & Moore, S. (2005). Wildlife tourism. Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Newsome, D., Lewis, A., & Moncrieff, D. (2004). Impacts and risks associated with developing, but unsupervised, stingray tourism at Hamelin Bay, Western Australia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(5), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.491
   Google Scholar
• Nimmerfroh, A. (2008). Underwater photography. In M. Lück (Ed.), The encyclopedia of tourism and recreation in marine environments (pp. 490–491). CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Nosal, A. P., Keenan, E. A., Hastings, P. A., & Gneezy, A. (2016). The effect of background music in shark documentaries on viewers’ perceptions of sharks. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0159279. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olindo, P. (1997). The old man of nature tourism: Kenya. In L. France (Ed.), The Earthscan reader in sustainable tourism (pp. 90–97). Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Orsini, J. P., Shaughnessy, P. D., & Newsome, D. (2006). Impacts of human visitors on Australian Sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) at Carnac Island, Western Australia: Implications for tourism management. Tourism in Marine Environments, 3(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427306779435229
   Google Scholar
• Pagel, C. D. (2021). #Bucketlist: Exploring the motivations of tourists to swim with humpback whales in Niue. Journal of Qualitative Research in Tourism, 2(2), 137–157. https://doi.org/10.4337/jqrt.2021.02.04
   Google Scholar
• Pagel, C. D., Orams, M. B., & Lück, M. (2020). #Biteme: Considering the potential influence of social media on in-water encounters with marine wildlife. Tourism in Marine Environments, 15(3-4), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320X15754936027058
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, C., & Lester, J.-A. (2005). Photographic tourism: Shooting the innocuous, making meaning of tourist photographic behaviour. In M. Novelli (Ed.), Niche tourism (pp. 15–25). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J., & Moscardo, G. (2015). Social representations of tourist selfies: New challenges for sustainable tourism. In R. Hay (Ed.), Conference proceedings of BEST EN Think Tank XV (pp. 59–73). Townsville, Australia: James Cook University. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40604/
   Google Scholar
• Plank, A. (2016). The hidden risk in user-generated content: An investigation of ski tourers' revealed risk-taking behavior on an online outdoor sports platform. Tourism Management, 55, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzolo, J. B. (2021). Wildlife tourism and consumption. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1957903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman, M. W. (2014). Has “Be here now” become “Me here now”? Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35(11), 814–814. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.954069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd, M. A. (2008). Consumptive and non-consumptive marine recreation/tourism. In M. Lück (Ed.), The encyclopedia of tourism and recreation in marine environments (pp. 110). CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., Huges, K., & Chirgwin, S. (2000). The gaze, spectacle and ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(1), 148–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00061-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheer, M. (2020). Behaviours of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) addressed towards human swimmers during experimental open water encounters off Heligoland (German Bight, North Sea). Tourism in Marine Environments, 15(3–4), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320X15945013137030
   Google Scholar
• Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2013). Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. L. J. (2010). Practical tourism research. CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Stack, S. H., Sprogis, K. R., Olson, G. L., Sullivan, F. A., Machernis, A. F., & Currie, J. J. (2021). The behavioural impacts of commercial swimming With whale tours on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Hervey Bay, Australia. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 696136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.696136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieglitz, S., & Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Emotions and information diffusion in social media—sentiment of microblogs and sharing behavior. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(4), 217–248. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222290408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, K. K., & Timothy, D. J. (2012). Souvenirs: Icons of meaning, commercialization and commoditization. Tourism Management, 33(3), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyne, J. A., Johnston, D. W., Christiansen, F., & Bejder, L. (2017). Temporally and spatially partitioned behaviours of spinner dolphins: Implications for resilience to human disturbance. Royal Society Open Science, 4(1), 160626. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R., Yang, F., & Haigh, M. M. (2017). Let me take a selfie: Exploring the psychological effects of posting and viewing selfies and groupies on social media. Telematics and Informatics, 34(4), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward-Paige, C. (2016, June 28). Even scientists take selfies with wild animals. Here’s why they shouldn’t. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/even-scientists-take-selfies-with-wild-animals-heres-why-they-shouldnt-61252
   Google Scholar
• Wilkes, B. (1977). The myth of the non-consumptive user. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 91(4), 343–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Animal Protection. (2017). A close up on cruelty: The harmful impact of wildlife selfies in the Amazon. https://www.worldanimalprotection.org/sites/default/files/media/int_files/amazon_selfies_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization and Guangdong Chimelong Group (2020). Sustainable Development of Wildlife Tourism in Asia and the Pacific. UNWTO. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284421572
   Google Scholar
• Wortham, J. (2013). My selfie, myself. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/20/sunday-review/my-selfie-myself.htm
   Google Scholar
• Wu, M. Y., & Pearce, P. L. (2016). Tourism blogging motivations: Why do Chinese tourists create little “lonely planets”? Journal of Travel Research, 55(4), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514553057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, B., & Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review Tourism Management Perspectives, 10, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.01.001
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler, J. A., Silberg, J. N., Araujo, G., Labaja, J., Ponzo, A., Rollins, R., & Dearden, P. (2018). A guilty pleasure: Tourist perspectives on the ethics of feeding whale sharks in Oslob, Philippines. Tourism Management, 68, 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuev, D., & Picard, D. (2015). Reconstructing the Antarctic tourist interaction ritual chain: Visual sociological perspective. The Polar Journal, 5(1), 146–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2015.1025495
   Google Scholar