Motives and constraints of motorcycle leisure through the lens of serious leisure: scale development

References

• Auster, C. J. (2001). Transcending potential antecedent leisure constraints: The case of women motorcycle operators. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(3), 272–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2001.11949942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, D. M., & Gagné, P. (2008). Community in a mobile subculture: The world of the touring motorcyclist. Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 30, 411–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-2396(08)30021-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, M. (2009). Ritual and boundary distinction in a recreational community: A case study of motorcycle rallies and riders. Qualitative Sociology Review, 5(2), 70–93. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.5.2.04
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, M., & McLaren, S. (2005). Physical activity alone and with others as predictors of sense of belonging and mental health in retirees. Aging & Mental Health, 9(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860512331334031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1983.11969557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichler, B. F., & Pikkemaat, B. (2021). Winter sports tourism to urban destinations: Identifying potential and comparing motivational differences across skier groups. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 36, 100420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100420
   Google Scholar
• Broughton, P., & Walker, L. (2009). Motorcycling and leisure understanding the recreational PTW rider. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brymer, E., Crabtree, J., & King, R. (2021). Exploring perceptions of how nature recreation benefits mental wellbeing: A qualitative enquiry. Annals of Leisure Research, 24(3), 394–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2020.1778494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brynne, B. (2009). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum [Data analysis handbook for social sciences: Statistics, research design, SPSS applications and interpretation]. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
   Google Scholar
• Cater, C. I. (2017). Tourism on two wheels: Patterns of motorcycle leisure in Wales. Tourism Management, 61(2017), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.02.007
   Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheek, J. M., & Tropp, L. R. (1995). The aspects of identity questionnaire: History and bibliography. Wellesley College.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, T. M., & Tsaur, S. H. (2012). The relationship between serious leisure characteristics and recreation involvement: A case study of Taiwan’s surfing activities. Leisure Studies, 31(1), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2011.568066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Pyun, D. Y., & Wang, C. K. J. (2019). Leisure nostalgia: Scale development and validation. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(4), 330–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2019.1602014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, D. D., Ward, P., Bartle, C., & Truman, W. (2007). The role of motorcyclist and other driver behaviour in two types of serious accident in the UK. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(5), 974–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, S., & Brown, H. (2007). The growing challenge of managing outdoor recreation. Journal of Forestry, 105(7), 371–375. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/105.7.371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 1913(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988593
   Google Scholar
• Crandall, R. (1980). Motivations for leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cruwys, T., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Morton, T. A. (2013). Social group memberships protect against future depression, alleviate depression symptoms and prevent depression relapse. Social Science & Medicine, 98(2013), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Salvo, M., Grilli, G., Notaro, S., & Signorello, G. (2022). Do risk perception and safety of sites influence rock climbing destination choices? Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 37, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100486
   Google Scholar
• DeVellis, R. B. (2017). Scale development theory and applications. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. E., & Bates, D. L. (2011). Leisure motivation revisited: Why people recreate. Managing Leisure, 16(4), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2011.613624
   Google Scholar
• Dolles, H., Dibben, M. R., & Hardy, A. (2018). Motorcycle racing neo-tribes at the Isle of Man. In A. Hardy, A. Bennett, & B. Robards (Eds.), Neo-tribes consumption, leisure and tourism (pp. 119–134). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dowarah, K., & Devipriya, S. P. (2019). Microplastic prevalence in the beaches of Puducherry, India and its correlation with fishing and tourism/recreational activities. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 148, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsborg, P., Nielsen, G., Klinker, C. D., Melby, P. S., Christensen, J. H., & Bentsen, P. (2019). Sports-based recreation as a means to address social inequity in health: Why, when, where, who, what, and how. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7428-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis understanding statistics. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frash, R. E., & Blose, J. E. (2019). Serious leisure as a predictor of travel intentions and flow in motorcycle tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(4), 516–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1626118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frash, R. E., Blose, J. E., Smith, W. W., & Scherhag, K. (2018). A multidisciplinary marketing profile of motorcycle tourists: Explorers escaping routine to find flow on scenic routes. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(4), 432–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1492767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, J., Moore, D., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. (2008). Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2008.11950132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, B. C., & Jones, I. (2005). Serious leisure, social identity and sport tourism. Sport in Society, 8(2), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/174304305001102010
   Google Scholar
• Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. ECTJ, 29(2), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02766777
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, K. J. (2016). The fierce commitment to 1% motorcycle clubs. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 11(1), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2016.1161221
   Google Scholar
• Haslam, C., Holme, A., Haslam, S. A., Iyer, A., Jetten, J., & Williams, W. H. (2008). Maintaining group memberships: Social identity continuity predicts well-being after stroke. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18(5-6), 671–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010701643449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawes, D. K. (1979). Leisure and consumer behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 7(3), 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/009207037900700309
   Google Scholar
• Heintzman, P. (2020). Empirical research on leisure and spiritual well-being: Conceptualisation, measurement and findings. Leisure Studies, 39(1), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1684981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogarty, K. Y., Hines, C. V., Kromrey, J. D., Ferron, J. M., & Mumford, K. R. (2005). The quality of factor solutions in exploratory factor analysis: The influence of sample size, communality, and overdetermination. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65(2), 202–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164404267287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, C. Z., & Rancourt, A. M. (1990). The importance of definitions of selected concepts for leisure inquiry. Leisure Sciences, 12(4), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409009513117
   Google Scholar
• Humagain, P., & Singleton, P. A. (2021). Exploring tourists’ motivations, constraints, and negotiations regarding outdoor recreation trips during COVID-19 through a focus group study. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 36, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100447
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B., Heo, J., Chun, S., & Lee, Y. (2011). Construction and initial validation of the leisure facilitator scale. Leisure/Loisir, 35(4), 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2011.648402
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Kuentzel, W. F. (2000). Self-identity, modernity, and the rational actor in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, C. W., Van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R. (2008). Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Longhurst, R. (2010). Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. In N. Clifford, S. French, & G. Valentine (Eds.), Key methods in geography (pp. 103–115). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one’s social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 302–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292183006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra, N. K. (2006). Questionnaire design and scale development. In R. Grover & M. Vriens (Eds.), The handbook of marketing research: Uses, misuses, and future advances (pp. 176–202). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Manfredo, M. J., Driver, B. L., & Tarrant, M. A. (1996). Measuring leisure motivation: A meta-analysis of the recreation experience preference scales. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 188–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1996.11949770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannering, F. L., & Grodsky, L. L. (1995). Statistical analysis of motorcyclists’ perceived accident risk. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 27(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)00041-J
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte, C., & Stokowski, P. A. (2021). Place meanings and national parks: A rhetorical analysis of social media texts. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 35, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100383
   Google Scholar
• Masanovic, B. (2019). The effects of sports-recreational activities on the inclusion of young Montenegrins in society. Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 3(3), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.26773/jaspe.190704
   Google Scholar
• McNicol, B., & Rettie, K. (2018). Tourism operators’ perspectives of environmental supply of guided tours in national parks. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 21, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2017.11.004
   Google Scholar
• Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mokhtarian, P. L., Salomon, I., & Handy, S. L. (2006). The impacts of ICT on leisure activities and travel: A conceptual exploration. Transportation, 33(3), 263–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-005-2305-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mvududu, N. H., & Sink, C. A. (2013). Factor analysis in counseling research and practice. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 4(2), 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150137813494766
   Google Scholar
• Norman, G. R., & Streiner, D. L. (1998). Biostatistics – The bare essentials. B.C. Decker.
   Google Scholar
• Page, J., Hawkins, B., Townsend, J., Lewis, S., & Byrne, J. (2022). Leisure constraints experienced by people in early recovery from substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Use, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2022.2043472
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pinch, P., & Reimer, S. (2012). Moto-mobilities: Geographies of the motorcycle and motorcyclists. Mobilities, 7(3), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2012.659466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Procter, E., Brugger, H., & Burtscher, M. (2018). Accidental hypothermia in recreational activities in the mountains: A narrative review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(12), 2464–2472. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragheb, M. G., & Tate, R. L. (1993). A behavioural model of leisure participation, based on leisure attitude, motivation and satisfaction. Leisure Studies, 12(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614369300390051
   Google Scholar
• Ramírez-Hurtado, J. M., Oliva-López, F., & Berbel-Pineda, J. M. (2022). Antecedents and outcomes of memorable tourism experiences in tourism recreation: The case of motorcycle tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2129283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramoa, C. E. A., Pires, P. S., & Añaña, E. S. (2021). Motorcycle tourism and nature: An analysis of motorcyclists motivations to travel. Leisure Studies, 40(3), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1858327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojo-Ramos, J., Martín-Carmona, R., Galán-Arroyo, C., Manzano-Redondo, F., García-Gordillo, MÁ, & Adsuar, J. C. (2020). Trekking tourism in Spain: Analysis of the sociodemographic profile of trekking tourists for the design of sustainable tourism services. Sustainability, 12(21), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnick, A. (2005). Psychiatric leisure rehabilitation: Conceptualization and illustration. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 29(1), 63–65. https://doi.org/10.2975/29.2005.63.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., & Glendon, I. (1998). Application of leisure motivation scale to tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00066-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, B. H. (1999). Experiential marketing: How to get customers to sense, feel, think, act, relate to your company and brands. The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scol, J. (2016). Motorcycle tourism: Renewed geographies of a marginal tourism practice. Via Tourism Review, 1(9), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.4000/viatourism.356
   Google Scholar
• Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-2004-22201
   Google Scholar
• Skousen, M. (2002). Leisure, the basis of culture. Ideas on Liberty, 52, 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Stebbins, R. A. (1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement. The Pacific Sociological Review, 25(2), 251–272. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388726
   Google Scholar
• Stebbins, R. A. (1996). Volunteering: A serious leisure perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 25(2), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764096252005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stebbins, R. A. (1997). Casual leisure: A conceptual statement. Leisure Studies, 16(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/026143697375485
   Google Scholar
• Stebbins, R. A. (2013). Planning your time in retirement: How to cultivate a leisure lifestyle to suit your needs and interests. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Stebbins, R. A. (2015). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time. Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. L. (2003). Qualitative analysis for social scientist. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, D. (2021). Cruising and clanning: The motorcycle tourism tribal experience. In C. Pforr, R. Dowling & M. Volgger (Eds.), Consumer tribes in tourism (pp. 189–202). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, D., & Kelly, K. G. (2016). Motorcycle drive tourism leading to rural tourism opportunities. Tourism Economics, 22(3), 543–557. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes, M. D., & Kelly, K. G. (2014). Motorcycle tourism demand generators and dynamic interaction leisure. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(1), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-05-2013-0035
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–37). Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Tinsley, H. E., Hinson, J. A., Tinsley, D. J., & Holt, M. S. (1993). Attributes of leisure and work experiences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.40.4.447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinsley, H. E., & Tinsley, D. J. (1987). Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(4), 414–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.34.4.414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torkildsen, G. (2005). Leisure and recreation management. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tripathi, A., & Shaheer, I. (2022). Missing tales of motorcycle backpackers. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2059738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsakakis, E., & Schneider, I. E. (2021). Water-based safety issues and communication opportunities. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 39(4), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2021-10847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkish Statistical Institute. (2022, August 27). Motorlu Kara Taşıtları (Motor Land Vehicles). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Road-Motor-Vehicles-December-2021-45703#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye'de%202021%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1%20sonu,ya%C5%9F%2014%2C5%20olarak%20hesapland%C4%B1
   Google Scholar
• Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41(3), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L. (1998). Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3(2), 231–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venohr, M., Langhans, S. D., Peters, O., Hölker, F., Arlinghaus, R., Mitchell, L., & Wolter, C. (2018). The underestimated dynamics and impacts of water-based recreational activities on freshwater ecosystems. Environmental Reviews, 26(2), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, L. (2010). Tourism and leisure motorcycle riding. In L. Walker (Ed.), Drive tourism: Trends and emerging markets (pp. 146–158). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weddell, M. (2014). Travel preferences of recreational motorcyclists’. Journal of Tourism Insights, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.9707/2328-0824.1045
   Google Scholar
• White, D. D. (2008). A structural model of leisure constraints negotiation in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 342–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400802165131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, P. L., Selin, S., Cerveny, L., & Bricker, K. (2020). Outdoor recreation, nature-based tourism, and sustainability. Sustainability, 12(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zach, S., Bar-Eli, M., Morris, T., & Moore, M. (2012). Measuring motivation for physical activity: An exploratory study of PALMS-the physical activity and leisure motivation scale. Athletic Insight, 4(2), 141–152.
   Google Scholar