Caring Mother or Weak Politician? A Semiotic Analysis of Editorial Cartoon Representations of President Joyce Banda in Malawian Newspapers

References

• Abrahamsen, R. (2003) African Studies and the Post-Colonial Challenge. African Affairs 201(407): 189–210.
   Google Scholar
• Adejuwon, A., and S. Alimi. 2011. “Cartoons as illustration: political process in Nigeria”. The Journal of Pan African Studies 4(3): 57–76.
   Google Scholar
• Chimombo, S., and M. Chimombo. 1996. The Culture of Democracy: Language, Literature, Arts and Politics, 1992–1994. Zomba: Wasi Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Chirambo, R. 1998. “Politics in the Cartoon in Malawi: The Democrat Cartoons.” In Democratization in Malawi: A Stocktaking, edited by K.M. Phiri, and K.R. Ross, 195–216. Zomba: Kachere.
   Google Scholar
• Chirambo, R. 2009. “Democracy as a limiting factor for politicised cultural populism in Malawi”. Africa Spectrum 44(2): 77–94. doi: 10.1177/000203970904400204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P.H. 1991. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment (Reprint). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dulani, B., and J. Chunga. 2016. “When Incumbency is No Longer an Advantage? Explaining Joyce Banda’s Defeat.” In The 2014 Tripartite Elections: Is Democracy Maturing?, edited by N. Patel, and M. Wahman, 236–257. Lilongwe: National Initiative for Civic Education.
   Google Scholar
• Ebunoluwa, S.M. 2009. “The quest for an African variant”. The Journal of Pan African Studies 3(1): 227–234.
   Google Scholar
• Eko, L. 2007. “It’s a political jungle out there: how four African newspaper cartoons dehumanized and ‘deterritorialized’ African political leaders in the post-Cold War era”. International Communication Gazette 69(3): 219–238. doi: 10.1177/1748048507076577
   Google Scholar
• Eko, L. 2010. “The art of criticism: how African cartoons discursively constructed African media realities in the post-Cold War era”. Critical African Studies 2(4): 65–91. doi: 10.1080/20407211.2010.10530758
   Google Scholar
• Eko, L. 2015. “The art of satirical deterritorialization: shifting cartoons from real space to cyberspace in Sub-Saharan Africa”. International Communication Gazette 77(3): 248–266. doi: 10.1177/1748048514568759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Refaie, E. 2009. “Multiliteracies: how readers interpret political cartoons”. Visual Communication 8(2): 181–205. doi: 10.1177/1470357209102113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairrington, B. 2009. Drawing Cartoons and Comics for Dummies. Hoboken: Wiley Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Fontein, J. 2009. “Anticipating the Tsunami: rumours, planning and the arbitrary state in Zimbabwe”. Africa 79(3): 369–398. doi: 10.3366/E0001972009000862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M. 2013. “Media and the Representation of Gender.” In The Routledge Companion to Media and Gender, edited by C. Carter, L. Steiner, and L. McLaughlin, 23–31. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S. 1997. “The Work of Representation.” In Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, edited by S. Hall, 1–47. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hammett, D. 2010. “Political cartoons, post-colonialism and critical African studies”. Critical African Studies 2(4): 1–26. doi: 10.1080/20407211.2010.10530755
   Google Scholar
• Kondowe, W., F. Ngwira, and P. Madula. 2014. “Linguistic analysis of Malawi newspaper political cartoons on President Joyce Banda: towards Grice’s conversational implicature”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4(7): 40–51.
   Google Scholar
• Lora-Kayambazinthu, E., and E. Kalilombe-Shame. 2016. “A Different Yardstick: Gender and Leadership in Political Discourse.” In Women in Politics in Malawi, edited by I. Amundsen, and H. Kayuni, 57–70. Bergen: CMI, Chr. Michelsen Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Manda, L. 2002. Gender discourse and Malawian rural communities. A study of the meaning the people of Traditional Authority Likoswe of Chiradzulo make from human rights and gender messages. Masters Diss. Rhodes University, South Africa. Accessed 20th March 2018. http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3456.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, A. 2009. “Ten Years After: South African Cartooning and the Politics of Liberation.” In Cartooning in Africa, edited by J.A. Lent, 47–302. New Jersey: Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mawera, R. 2012. “Point of Order.” Cartoon. In The Nation Newspaper, November 21, 12. (Fig. 2).
   Google Scholar
• Mawera, R. 2013a. “Point of Order.” Cartoon. In The Nation Newspaper, January 30, 26. (Fig. 1).
   Google Scholar
• Mawera, R. 2013b. “Point of Order.” Cartoon. In The Nation Newspaper, January 9, 14. (Fig. 3).
   Google Scholar
• Mazid, B.E. 2008. “Cowboy and misanthrope: a critical discourse analysis of Bush and Bin Laden cartoons”. Discourse and Communication 2(4): 433–457. doi: 10.1177/1750481308095939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbembe, A. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Medubi, O. 2003. “Language and Ideology in Nigerian Cartoons.” In Cognitive Models in Language and Thought: Ideology, Metaphors and Meanings, edited by R. Dirven, R. Frank, and M. Puetz, 159–198. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Mikell, G. 1997. “Introduction.” In African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by G. Mikell, 1–50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mohanty, C.T. 2003. “‘Under Western Eyes’ Revisited: Feminist Solidarity Through Anti-Capitalist Struggles.” In Feminism Without Borders: Decolonising Theory, Practice and Solidarity, edited by C.T. Mohanty, 221–251. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Musila, G. 2007. “Democrazy: Laughter in Gado’s Editorial Cartoons.” In Urban Legends, Colonial Myths: Popular Culture and Literature in East Africa, edited by J. Ogude, and J. Nyairo, 97–123. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nhlema, M. 2014. Maybe Women Just Can’t Lead (?) Malawiana online. Accessed 30 March 2018. http://www.malawiana.net/new/?p=3566.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neil, T., N. Kanyongolo, J. Wales, and M.W. Mkandawire. 2016. Women and Power. Representation and Influence in Malawi’s Parliament. London: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Oostendorp, M. 2015. “The multimodal construction of the identity of politicians”. Critical Discourse Studies 12(1): 39–56. doi: 10.1080/17405904.2014.962066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, C. 2012. Knowledge, Desire and Power in Global Politics: Western Representation of China Rise. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• “Puludzu.”. 2012. Cartoon. In The Daily Times. May 21, 2.
   Google Scholar
• “Puludzu.”. 2012. Cartoon. In The Daily Times. July 23, 5.
   Google Scholar
• “Puludzu.”. 2013. Cartoon. In The Daily Times. May 7, 4. (Fig. 4).
   Google Scholar
• Samson, A.C., and O. Huber. 2007. “The interaction of cartoonist’s gender and formal features of cartoons”. International Journal of Humor Research 20(1): 1–25. doi: 10.1515/HUMOR.2007.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sani, I., M.H. Abdullah, A.M. Ali, and F.S. Abdullah. 2012. “Linguistic analysis on the construction of satire in Nigerian political cartoons: the example of newspaper cartoon”. Journal of Media and Communication Studies 4(3): 52–59.
   Google Scholar
• Sarikakis, K., R.R. Rush, A. Grubb-Swetnam, and C. Lane. 2008. “Feminist Theory and Research.” In An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Measurement, edited by D.W. Stacks, and M.B. Salwen, 502–522. New York: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Walby, S. 1990. Theorizing Patriarchy. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Willems, W. 2011. “Comic strips and ‘the crisis’: postcolonial laughter and coping with everyday life in Zimbabwe”. Popular Communication 9(2): 126–145. doi: 10.1080/15405702.2011.562099
   Google Scholar