Uses and abuses of development media theory in sub-Saharan Africa: critique of a quasi-descriptive/prescriptive theory

References

• Altschull , J. H. 1984 . Agents of power , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Beltran , L. R. Rural development and social communication: relationships and strategies . Presentation to Cornell-CIAT. International symposium on ‘Communication strategies for rural development’ . Ithaca, New York : Cornell University .
   Google Scholar
• Boafo , S. T. K. 1991 . “ Communication technology and dependent development in sub-Saharan Africa ” . In Transnational communication , Edited by: Sussman , G. and Lent , J. A. 103 – 124 . Newbury Park : Sage . 1991
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , Y. W. 1995 . Rethinking theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of African development . African Studies Review , 38 ( 3 ) : 39 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , W. J. 1987 . Pro-development soap operas: a novel approach to development communication . Media Development , XXXVI : 43 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. 1965 . Technology and social progress , Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Casmir , F. L. , ed. 1991 . Communication in development , Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• De Beer , A. S. 1995 . “ Sub-Saharan Africa ” . In Global journalism: survey of international communication , Edited by: Merrill , J. C. 209 – 268 . New York : Longman . 1995
   Google Scholar
• Edeani , D. O. 1985 . “ Press ownership and control in Nigeria ” . In Mass communication, culture and society in West Africa , Edited by: Ugboajah , F. O. 44 – 62 . New York : Hans Zell . 1985
   Google Scholar
• Edeani , D. O. 1993 . Role of development journalism in Nigeria's development . Gazette , 52 : 123 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellul , J. 1967 . The technological society , New York : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Fair , J.-E. 1988 . A meta-research case study of development journalism . Journalism Quarterly , 65 : 165 – 170 . 177
   Google Scholar
• Gans , H. J. 1993 . Reopening the black box: toward a limited effects theory . Journal of Communication , 43 ( 4 ) : 29 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golding , P. 1974 . Media role in national development: a critique of a theoretical orthodoxy . Journal of Communication , 24 ( 3 ) : 39 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golding , P. 1979 . “ Media professionalism in the Third World: the transfer of an ideology ” . In Mass communication and society , Edited by: Curran , J. 291 – 308 . London : Edward Arnold . 1979
   Google Scholar
• Hachten , W. A. 1992 . The world news prism: changing media of international communication , Ames : Iowa State University .
   Google Scholar
• Haule , J. J. 1984 . Old paradigm and new order in the African context: toward an appropriate model of communication and national development . Gazette , 33 : 3 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedebro , G. 1982 . Communication and social change in developing nations: a critical perspective , Ames : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Janowitz , M. 1975 . Professional models in journalism: the gatekeeper and the advocate . Journalism Quarterly , 52 : 618 – 626 . 662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , E. and Weddell , G. 1978 . Broadcasting in the Third World: promise and performance , New York : Macmillan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klapper , J. T. 1960 . The effects of mass communication , Glencoe, Ill. : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kunczik , M. 1988 . Concepts of journalism north and south , Bonn : Courier-Druck .
   Google Scholar
• Lange , J. C. 1984 . National development and news values: the press in the Third World and the West . Gazette , 33 : 69 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Lerner , D. 1958 . The passing of traditional society , Glencoe, Ill. : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Littlejohn , S. W. 1996 . Theories of human communication , Belmont : Wadsworth Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• McClean , L. and Stewart , R. K. 1995 . The Caribbean story on CNN report: just what is development news? . Gazette , 55 : 55 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , D. C. 1966 . “ The impulse to modernisation ” . In Modernisation: the dynamics of growth , Edited by: Weiner , M. 28 – 39 . New York : Basic Books . 1966
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel , D. 1986 . Development news in two Asian nations . Journalism Quarterly , 63 : 167 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLuhan , M. 1964 . Understanding media: the extensions of man , New York : Signet .
   Google Scholar
• McQuail , D. 1984 . Mass communication theory: an introduction , Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McCrone , D. J. and Cnudde , C. F. 1967 . Towards a communication theory of democratic political development: a causal model . American Political Science Review , : 72 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melkote , S. R. 1991 . Communication for development in the Third World. Theory and practice , Newbury Park : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Melkote , S. R. 1993 . From Third World to First World: new roles and challenges for development communication . Gazette , 52 : 145 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Merrill , J. C. 1995 . Global journalism: survey of international communication , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Momoh , T. 1987 . The press and nation-building . Africa Report , March/April : 54 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Mytton , G. 1983 . Mass communication in Africa , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Ng'wanakilala , N. 1981 . Mass communication and the development of socialism in Tanzania , Dar es Salaam : Tanzania Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Nkrumah , K. 1965 . The African journalist , Dar es Salaam : Tanzania Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Nwosu , I. E. 1989 . 'Cs model: writing rural news and features . Rural news , May : 2 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Nwuso , P. O. and Megwa , E. 1993 . Communication and rural development in Swaziland . Africa Media Review , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Odhiambo , L. O. 1991 . Development journalism in Africa: capitulation of the fourth estate? . Africa Media Review , 5 ( 2 ) : 17 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Okigbo , C. 1987 . “ Three perspectives of Nigerian journalism ” . In Mass media and the African society. Africa Media Monograph Series , Edited by: Domatob , J. Vol. 4 , 233 – 250 . Nairobi : ACCE . 1987
   Google Scholar
• Okonwor , R. C. 1983 . Nigeria's sedition laws - their effect on free speech . Journalism Quarterly , 60 : 54 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Opubor , A. E. 1985 . “ Mass communication and modem development in Nigeria ” . In Mass communication in Nigeria: a book of reading , Edited by: Nwuneli , O. E. 154 – 170 . Enugu : Fourth Dimension Publishers . 1985
   Google Scholar
• Pool , I. 1963 . “ The mass media and politics and in the modernisation process ” . In Communications and political development , Edited by: Pye , L. W. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press . 1963
   Google Scholar
• Rampal , K. R. 1984 . Adversary vs development journalism: Indian mass media at the cross-roads . Gazette , 34 : 3 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , E. M. 1962 . Diffusion of innovations , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , E. M. 1976 . Communication and development: critical perspectives , Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , E. M. and Chaffee , S. H. 1993 . The past and the future of communication study: convergence or divergence? . Journal of Communication , 43 ( 4 ) : 125 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller , H. I. 1989 . Culture inc.: the corporate take-over of public expression , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schramm , W. 1964 . Mass media and national development , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sears , D. 1977 . The new meaning of development . International Development Review , XIX ( 3 ) : 2 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Shah , R. 1996 . Modernisation, marginalisation and emancipation: toward a normative model of journalism and national development . Communication Theory , 6 ( 2 ) : 143 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , F. 1956 . Four theories of the press , Urbana, Ill. : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sy , J. H. 1993 . Broadcasting in the Third World: empowerment by whom for whom? . Development: Journal of SID , 3 : 12 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Uche , L. U. 1989 . Mass media, people and politics in Nigeria , New Delhi : Concept Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Uche , L. U. 1991 . “ Communication and development in a military political culture: a case study of a Nigerian public campaign for social change ” . In Communication in development , Edited by: Casmir , F. L. 132 – 156 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex . 1991
   Google Scholar
• Wang , G. and Dissanayake , W. 1984 . Continuity and change in communication systems: an Asian perspective , Norwood, NJ : Ablex Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox , D. 1975 . Mass media in black Africa New York
   Google Scholar