References
- Asake , E. M. 2005 . Transformational leadership in East Africa: Politics, ideology and community , Kampala, , Uganda : Fountain Books .
- Baguma , R. , Lugalambi , G. and Zawadi , D. 2000 . Up in the air: The state of broadcasting in Eastern Africa , Nairobi, , Kenya : Panos .
- Balikowa , D. 2002 . MPs dug grave for journalists . The Daily Monitor , April 16 Retrieved August 2006, from Lexis Nexis Academic
- Barnett , C. 2003 . “ Media transformation and new practices of citizenship: The example of environmental activism in post-apartheid Durban ” . In Transformation: Critical perspectives on Southern Africa Vol. 51 , 1 – 24 .
- Bennett , A. Where the model frequently meets the road: Combining statistical, formal, and case study methods . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association . Boston, Mass., USA.
- Bennett , W. L. 2004 . News: The politics of illusion , 6th ed. , New York : Longman .
- Blankson , I. A. 2007 . “ Media independence and pluralism in Africa: Opportunities and challenges of democratization and liberalization ” . In Negotiating Democracy: Media Transformations in Emerging Democracies , Edited by: Blankson , I. A. and Murphy , P. D. 15 – 34 . Albany, NY : SUNY Press .
- Bourgault , L. 1995 . Mass media in Sub-Saharan Africa , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
- Campbell , J. 1999 . Nationalism, ethnicity and religion: Fundamental conflicts and the politics of identity in Tanzania . Nations and Nationalism , 5 ( 1 ) : 105 – 125 .
- C B S . 2005 . Central Bureau of Statistics Nairobi, , Kenya
- Clarfield , G. 2008 . Where tribe is everything . National Post (Canada) , Jan. 5 Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Lexis Nexis Academic
- Corner , J. 2004 . Freedom, rights and regulations . Media, Culture & Society , 26 ( 6 ) : 893 – 899 .
- Elkins , C. 2008 . What's tearing Kenya apart? History, for one thing . Washington Post , Jan. 6 Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Lexis Nexis Academic
- Elliott , D. , ed. 1986 . Responsible journalism , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
- Faringer , G. 1991 . Press freedom in Africa , New York, NY : Praeger Publishers .
- Gyimah-Boadi , E. and Asante , R. 2006 . “ Ethnic structure, inequality and public sector governance in Ghana ” . In Ethnic inequalities and public sector governance , Edited by: Yusuf , B. 241 – 260 . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
- Huesmann , L. R. , Moise-Titus , J. , Podolski , C. and Eron , L. 2003 . Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence, and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977–1992 . Developmental Psychology , 39 ( 2 ) : 201 – 221 .
- Hyden , G. 1999 . Top-down democratization in Tanzania . Journal of Democracy , 10 ( 4 ) : 142 – 157 .
- Hyden , G. Divergent social capital and the problems of building social capital: Evidence from Tanzania . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association . Boston, Mass., USA.
- Hyden , G. , Leslie , M. and Ogundimu , F. 2002 . Media and democracy in Africa , New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
- Kabwegyere , T. 1974 . The politics of state formation: The nature and effects of colonialism in Uganda , Nairobi, , Kenya : East Africa Literature Bureau .
- Kaiser , P. and Okumu , W. 2004 . Democratic transitions in East Africa , Hampshire, , UK : Ashgate Publishing .
- Kalyango , Y. Jr. 2009 . Political news use and democratic support: A study of Uganda's radio impact . Journal of Radio and Audio Media , 16 ( 2 ) : 200 – 215 .
- Kang , N. and Kwak , N. 2003 . A multilevel approach to civic participation . Communication Research , 30 ( 1 ) : 80 – 106 .
- Kannyo , E. 2004 . Change in Uganda: A new opening? . Journal of Democracy , 15 ( 2 ) : 125 – 139 .
- Kanyinga , K. , Kiondo , A. , Tidemand , P. and Gibbon , P. 1994 . The new local level politics in East Africa: Studies on Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya , Uppsala : Nordic African Institute, Questia Publications .
- Kareithi , P. 1996 . Power with responsibility: A framework for a free and democratic press in Africa , Amherst, , USA : University of Massachusetts . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Kilimwiko , L. 2006 . “ A report on journalism in Tanzania ” . In Media Institute of Southern Africa , Dar es Salaam : MISA Publication .
- Lodhi , A. 1994 . Muslims in Eastern Africa—Their past and present . Nordic Journal of African Studies , 3 ( 1 ) : 88 – 98 .
- Lush , D. 1998 . “ The role of the African media in the promotion of democracy and human rights ” . In Towards a partnership with Africa: Challenges and opportunities , Edited by: Kayizzi-Mugerwa , S. , Olukoshi , A. and Wohlgemuth , L. 42 – 65 . Uppsala : Nordic African Institute .
- Mamdani , M. 1996 . Citizen and subject: Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Matende , D. The state of the news media in Kenya . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Kenya Union of Journalists . Nairobi, Kenya.
- Mazrui , A. 1971 . “ Islam and the English language in East and West Africa ” . In Language use & social change , Edited by: Whiteley , W. W. 179 – 197 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- McQuail , D. 2003 . Media accountability and freedom of publication , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Miguel , E. 2004 . Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania . World Politics , 56 ( 3 ) : 327 – 362 .
- Miles , W. and Rochefort , D. 1991 . Nationalism vs. ethnic identity in Sub-Saharan Africa . American Political Science Review , 85 ( 2 ) : 393 – 412 .
- Mpangala , G. and Lwehabura , J. 2005 . Zanzibar: Conflict resolution and human security in the 2005 elections , Pretoria : Institute for Security Studies .
- Mushi , S. 2001 . Development democratisation in Tanzania: A study of rural grassroots politics , Kampala : Fountain Publishers .
- Mute , L. 2000 . “ Media policy in Kenya ” . In Media, culture and performance in Kenya , Edited by: East Africa Media Institute (EAMI) . Nairobi : EAMI Publications .
- Mwenda , A. 2007 . Personalizing power in Uganda . Journal of Democracy , 18 ( 3 ) : 23 – 37 .
- Mwesige , P. 2004 . Disseminators, advocates, and watchdogs: A profile of Ugandan journalists in the new millennium . Journalism , 5 ( 1 ) : 69 – 96 .
- Norris , P. 1997 . Politics and the press: The news media and their influences , New York : Lynne Rienner .
- Nyamnjoh , F. 2005 . Africa's media, democracy and the politics of belonging , London : Zed Books .
- Nyang'oro , J. 2006 . “ Ethnicity, inequality and governance of the public sector in Tanzania ” . In Ethnic inequalities and public sector governance , Edited by: Bangura , Y. 322 – 340 . New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan, Ltd .
- Ochs , M. 1987 . The African press , Cairo : American University in Cairo Press .
- Ocitti , J. 2006 . Press politics and public policy in Uganda: The role of journalism in democratization , London : Edwin Mellen Press .
- Odhiambo , L. 2002 . The media environment in Kenya since 1990 . African Studies , 61 ( 2 ) : 295 – 318 .
- Ogunade , D. 1986 . The mass media systems of Kenya and Tanzania: A comparative analysis . Africa Media Review , 1 ( 1 ) : 99 – 111 .
- Okuku , J. 2002 . Ethnicity, state power, and the democratization process in Uganda , Uppsala : Nordic Institute of African Studies, University Printers .
- Pritchard , D. 2000 . Holding media accountable , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
- Raudenbush , S. and Bryk , A. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods , 2nd ed. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Soola , O. E. 2009 . Media, democracy and misgovernance in Africa . International Journal of African Studies , 1 : 25 – 35 .
- Steeves , J. 2006 . Presidential succession in Kenya: The transition from Moi to Kibaki . Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 44 ( 2 ) : 211 – 233 .
- Tettey , W. 2006 . The politics of media accountability in Africa: An examination of mechanisms and institutions . International Communication Gazette , 63 ( 3 ) : 229 – 248 .
- Ukpabi , C. 2001 . “ Handbook on journalism ethics: Journalism practice and training ” . In African Case Studies , Windhoek : MISA .
- Wanyande , P. 1996 . Mass media–state relations in post-colonial Kenya . Africa Media Review , 9 ( 3 ) : 54 – 76 .
- Zaffiro , J. 2000 . Broadcasting reform and democratization in Botswana . Africa Today , 47 ( 1 ) : 7 – 25 .