Effect of intensity and frequency of defoliation on aerial growth and carbohydrate reserve levels in Acacia karroo plants

References

• Acocks , J.P.H. 1975 . Veld types of South Africa, , 2nd edition. , Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr., 40 Pretoria : Government printer .
   Google Scholar
• Aucamp , A.J. 1979 . Die produksiepotentiaal van die Vallei Bosveld as weiding vir Boer en Angora bokke , Univ. van Pretoria . Ph.D. tesis
   Google Scholar
• Barrs , H.D. 1968 . “ Determination of water deficits in plant tissues ” . In Water deficits and plant growth , Edited by: Kozlowski , T.T. Vol. 1 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , C.W. and Goebell , C.J. 1962 . The association of plant vigour with physical stature and chemical content of desert plants . Ecology , 32 (3) : 543 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl , B.E. and Hyder , D.N. 1977 . “ Developmental morphology and management implications ” . In Rangeland plant physiology , Edited by: Sosebee , R.E. Denver, Colorado : Society for Range Management .
   Google Scholar
• Donart , G.B. 1969 . Carbohydrate reserves of six mountain range plants as related to growth . J. Range Mgmt. , 22 (6) : 411 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , R.B and Basile , J.V. 1966 . Topping stimulates twig growth . J. Wildl. Mgmt. , 30 : 339 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison , G.A. 1971 . “ Carbohydrate reserves and response to use ” . In Wildland shrubs — their biology and utilization , USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT‐1
   Google Scholar
• Hensley , M. and Laker , M.C. 1979 . “ Land resources of Ciskei ” . In The Agricultural Potential of the Ciskei ‐ Amended Report , Edited by: Laker , M.C. Alice : University of Fort Hare .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , C.H. and Scotter , G.W. 1977 . A comparison of twig‐length and browsed‐twig methods of determining browse utilization . J. Range Mgmt. , 30 (1) : 64 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Kulman , H.M. 1971 . Effects of insect defoliation on growth and mortality of trees . Ann. Rev. Entomol. , 16 : 289 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lay , D.W. 1965 . Effects of periodic clipping on yield of some common browse species . J. Range Mgmt. , 18 : 181 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Mac Vicar , C.N. , De Villiers , J.M. , Loxton , R.F. , Verster , E. , Lambrechts , J.N.N. , Merryweathcr , F.R. , Le Roux , J. , van Rooyen , T.H. and Harmse , H.J. von M. 1977 . Soil Classification: A Binomial System for South Africa , Pretoria : Department of Agricultural Technical Services .
   Google Scholar
• Marais , J.D. 1969 . The Weinmann method for the determination of total available carbohydrates in plant material containing starch . Agroplantae , 1 : 47 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• McNaughton , S.J. 1979 . Grazing as an optimization process: grass‐ungulate relationships in the Serengeti . Am. Nat. , 113 : 691 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milton , S.J. 1983 . Factors determining Acacia shoot production, Project final report , Botany Department, University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Somogoyi , M. 1952 . Notes on sugar determination . J. Biol. Sci. , 195 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Stuart‐Hill , G.C. 1985 . Competitive interactions between herbaceous and woody vegetation in semi‐arid Acacia savanna in the eastern Cape , University of Natal . M.Sc. Agric. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Teague , W.R. 1987 . Defoliation and browse production of Acacia karroo Hayne in the eastern Cape, South Africa , University of the Witwatersrand . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Teague , W.R. and Walker , B.H. 1988a . Effect of intensity of defoliation at different phenophases by goats on leaf and shoot growth of Acacia karroo trees . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 5 : 197 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Teague , W.R. , Trollope , W.S.W. and Aucamp , A.J. 1981 . Veld management in the semi‐arid bush‐grass communities of the eastern Cape . Proc. Grassl. Soc. sth. Afr. , 16 : 23 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Teague , W.R. and Walker , B.H. 1988b . Growth patterns and annual growth cycle of Acacia karroo Hayne in relation to water stress. I. Leaf and shoot growth . J. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. , 5 : 85 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Trlica , M.J. Effects of frequency and intensity of defoliation on primary producers of arid and semi‐arid rangelands . Proc. of the 2nd U.S./ Australia Rangeland Panel, Adelaide, (1972) . Perth : Australian Rangeland Society .
   Google Scholar
• Trlica , M.J. and Singh , J.S. 1979 . “ Translocation of assimilates and creation, distribution and utilization of reserves ” . In Arid‐land ecosystems: structure, functioning and management , Edited by: Goodall , D.W. and Perry , R.A. Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weinman , H. 1947 . Determination of total available carbohydrates in plants . Plant Physiol. , 22 : 279 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar