Production and physico-chemical properties of surface casts from microchaetid earthworms in central Eastern Cape

References

• Abbott , I. and Parker , C. A. 1981 . Interactions between earthworms and their environment . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 13 : 191 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acocks , J. P.H. 1988 . “ Veld types of South Africa. ” . In Mem. Bot. Surv. Sth. Afr. no 57. Dept. of Agric. & Water Supply, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• ARDRI . 1989 . An agricultural guide book for Ciskei. University of Fort Hare, Alice.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. M. and Ingram , J. S.I. 1993 . Tropical soil biology and fertility: a hand book of methods. Wallingford : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Benians , G. and Van Averbeke , W. 1990 . 275 – 286 . Some chemical, pedological and land-forming effects of giant earthworms (Michrochaetus michrochaetus) in Ciskei. Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the Soil Sci. Soc. of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
   Google Scholar
• Blake , G. R. and Hartge , K. H. 1986 . “ Bulk density. ” . In Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods. 2nd edn. Am. Soc. of Agron. Madison, Wisconsin Edited by: Klute , A. 363 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Blanchart , E. , Bru And , A. and Lavelle , P. 1993 . The physical structure of casts of Millsonia anomala (Oligochaeta:Megascolecidae) in shrub savanna soils (Cote d'Ivoire) . Geoderma , 56 : 119 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Bray , R. H. and Kurtz , L. T. 1945 . Determination of total organic and available forms of “phosphorus in soils” . Soil Science , 59 : 39 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , O. , Kohli , L. , Schuler , B. and Zeyer , J. 1996 . Surface cast production by the earthworm Aporrectodea nocturna in a pre-alpine meadow in Switzerland . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 22 : 171 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Day , P. R. 1965 . “ Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. ” . In Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods. 1st edn. Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, Wisconsin Edited by: Black , C. A. , Evans , D. D. , White , J. L. , Ensming , L. E. and Clark , E. E. 545 – 567 .
   Google Scholar
• Doube , B. M. , Davoren , C. W. , Hindell , R. , Long , N. and Cass , A. 1994 . “ Surface cast production by the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides and the influence of organic matter on cast structural stability ” . In Soil biota: management in sustainable farming systems Edited by: Pankhurst , C. E. , Doube , B. M. , Gupta , W. S.R. and Grace , P. R. 123 – 125 . Melbourne : CSIRO .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , C. A. and Lofty , J. R. 1972 . Biology of earthworms., , 2nd edn London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Guggenberger , G. , Thomas , R. J. and Zech , W. 1996 . Soil organic matter within earthworm casts of an anecic-endogenic tropical pasture community, Colombia . Appl. Soil Ecol. , 3 : 263 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser , S. 1993 . Distribution and activity of earthworms and contribution to nutrient cycling in alley cropping . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 15 : 16 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillel , D. 1982 . Introduction to Soil Physics. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hindell , R. P. , Mckenzie , B. M. , Tisdall , J. M. and Silvapullle , M. J. 1994 . Relationships between casts of geophagous earthworms (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) and matric potential. I. Cast production, water content and bulk density . Boil. Fertil. Soils , 18 : 119 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulugalle , N. R. and Ezumah , H. C . 1991 . Effects of cassava- based cropping systems on physico-chemical properties of soil and earthworm casts in a tropical Alfisol . Agric. Ecosystem. Environ. , 35 : 55 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , B. T. and Ojo , A. 1996 . Nutrient availability of earthworm casts collected from under selected woody agroforestry species . Plant Soil , 178 : 113 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , W. D. and Rosenau , R. C. 1986 . “ Aggregate stability and size distribution. ” . In Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods. 2nd edn. Am. Soc. of Agron. Madison, Wisconsin Edited by: Klute , A. 425 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• Kopke , D. 1980 . Debe hollows of the Eastern Cape . Fort Hare Papers , 7 : 146 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Lal , R. and Akinremi , O. O. 1983 . Physical properties of earthworm casts and surface soil as influenced by management . Soil Scence. , 135 : 114 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Lavelle , P. 1988 . Earthworm activities and the soil system . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 6 : 237 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , K. E. 1985 . Earthworms: their ecology and relationships with soils and land use. Sydney : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , K. E. and Foster , R. C. 1991 . Soil fauna and soil structure . Aust. J. Soil Res. , 29 : 745 – 776 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungstrom , P. O. and Reinecke , A. J. 1969 . Ecology and natural history of the microchaetid earthworms of South Africa . Pedobiologia , 9 : 152 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Madge , D. S. 1969 . Field and laboratory studies on the activity of two species of tropical earthworms . Pedobiologia , 9 : 188 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinissen , J. C.Y. and Dexter , A. R. 1990 . Mechanisms of.stabilisation of earthworm casts and artificial casts . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 9 : 163 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckenzie , B. M. and Dexter , A. R. 1987 . Physical properties of casts of the earthworm . Aporrectodea rosea. Biol. Fertil. Soils , 5 : 152 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulongoy , K. and Bedoret , A. 1989 . Properties of worm casts and surface soils under various plant covers in the humid tropics . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 21 : 197 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , L. A. 1947 . Pressure-membrane apparatus, construction and use . Agric. Engin. , 28 : 451 – 454 .
   Google Scholar
• Scheu , S. and Parkinson , D. 1994 . Effects of earthworms on nutrient dynamics, carbon turnover and micro-organisms in soils from cool temperate forests of the Canadian Rocky Mountainslaboratory studies . Appl. Soil Ecol. , 1 : 113 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Scullion , L. and Ramshaw , G. A. 1988 . Factors affecting surface casting behaviour in several species of earthworm . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 7 : 39 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Shipitalo , M. J. and Protz , R. 1988 . Factors influencing the dispersibility of clay in worm casts . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 52 : 746 – 769 .
   Google Scholar
• SOIL CLASSIFICATION WORKING GROUP . 1991 . Soil classification. A taxonomic system for South Africa. Mim. Agric. Nat. Res. Sth. Afr. No. 15. Dept. Agric. Dev., Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Steel , R. G.W. and To Rri , E. J.H. 1980 . Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sumner , M. E. 1958 . A simplified technique for the determination of soil aggregation . South African J. Agric. Sci. , 1 : 301 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Syers , J. K. , Sharpley , A. N. and Keeney , D. R. 1979 . “ Cycling of nitrogen by surface casting earthworms in a pasture ecosystem. ” . In Soil Biol. Biochem. II 181 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Teague , W. R. , Trollope , W. S.W. and Aucamp , A. J. 1981 . Veld management in the semi-arid bush-grass communities of the Eastern Cape . Proc. Grassld. Soc. Sth. Afr. , 16 : 23 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , H. and Schrader , S. 1993 . Earthworm effects on selected physical and chemical properties of soil aggregates . Boil. Fertil. Soils , 15 : 229 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar