An overview of pedogenesis in Technosols in South AfricaFootnote^§

^§§ This article is based on a paper presented at the 5th International Soil Classification Congress, 5–7 December 2016, Bloemfontein, South Africa

References

• Aswathanarayana U. 2012. Natural resources: technology, economics and policy. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian A. 2017. Soil forming processes. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314500073_Soil_Forming_Processes [accessed 24 February 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Bell FG. 1999. Geological hazards: their assessment, avoidance and mitigation. London: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Bigham JM, Nordstrom DK. 2000. Iron and aluminum hydroxy-sulfates from acid sulfate waters. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 40: 351–403. doi: 10.2138/rmg.2000.40.7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigham JM, Schwertmann U, Traina SJ, Winland RL, Wolf M. 1996. Schwertmannite and the chemical modeling of iron in acid sulfate waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60: 2111–2121. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00091-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt GH, Bruggenwert MGM, Kamphorst A. 1978. Adsorption of cations by soils. In: Bolt GH, Bruggenwert MGM (eds), Soil chemistry. A: Basic elements. Developments in Soil Science 5A. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp 54–90.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant RB, Galbraith JM. 2003. Incorporating anthropogenic processes in soil classification. In: Eswaran H, Rice T, Ahrens R, Stewart BA (eds), Soil classification: a global desk reference. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp 57–64.
   Google Scholar
• Buol SW, Hole FD, McCracken RJ. 1973. Soil genesis and classification. Ames: The Iowa State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caincross B. 2004. Field guide to rocks and minerals of southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Cawthorn RG, Eales HV, Walraven F, Uken R, Watkeys MK. 2006. The Bushveld Complex. In: Johnson MR, Anhaeusser CR, Thomas RJ (eds), The geology of South Africa. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa; Pretoria: Council for Geoscience. pp 261–278.
   Google Scholar
• Central Materials Laboratory. 2000. Laboratory testing manual 2000. [s.l.]: The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Works.
   Google Scholar
• Ciolkosz EJ, Cronce RC Cunningham RL, Peterson GW. 1985. Characteristics, genesis, and classification of Pennsylvania minesoils. Soil Science 139: 232–238. doi: 10.1097/00010694-198503000-00007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climate-Data.org. n.d. Climate: South Africa. Available at https://en.climate-data.org/country/61/ [accessed 1 February 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Competence Center Titration, Metrohm International Headquarters. 2017. Determination of the pH value and oxidation-reduction potential in soil samples. Application Bulletin 71/3 e. Available at https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiD8u-9iYXZAhWG1RQKHdZiB8MQFgg9MAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpartners.metrohm.com%2FGetDocument%3Faction%3Dget_dms_document%26docid%3D2749990&usg=AOvVaw2s1zvXBUkyJgZ8zLy7Po9k [accessed 1 February 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Cooke JA, Johnson MS. 2002. Ecological restoration of land with particular reference to the mining of metals and industrial minerals: a review of theory and practice. Environmental Reviews 10: 41–71. doi: 10.1139/a01-014
   Google Scholar
• Daniell A. 2012. Mineralogical and geochemical properties of the Kaalvallei kimberlite and tailings of the old Samada diamond mine in the Welkom area, with special reference to the dispersiveness observed within the tailings material. Mini-dissertation, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Daniell A. 2015. Geochemical monitoring of soil pollution from the MWS-5 gold tailings facility on the Farm Stilfontein. MSc thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Fanning DS, Fanning MC. 1989. Soil morphology, genesis, and classification. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Fashola MO, Ngole-Jeme VM, Babalola OO. 2016. Heavy metal pollution from gold mines: environmental effects and bacterial strategies for resistance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13: 1047. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13111047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field M, Scott-Smith BH. 1999. Contrasting geology and near-surface emplacement of kimberlite pipes in southern Africa and Canada. In: Dawson JB (ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference, vol. 1. Cape Town: Red Roof Design. pp 214–237.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick EA. 1971. Pedology: a systematic approach to soil science. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
   Google Scholar
• Gagliano WB, Brigham JM. 2006. Acid mine drainage. In: Lal R (ed.), Encyclopedia of soil science, vol. 1 (2nd edn). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Haagner ASH. 2008. The role of vegetation in characterising landscape function on rehabilitating gold tailings. MSc thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Haering KC, Daniels WL, Galbraith JM. 2004. Appalachian mine soil morphology and properties: effects of weathering and mining methods. Soil Science Society of America Journal 38: 1315–1325. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2004.1315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman BA, Ammons JT, Hartgrove NT. 2004. A proposal for the classification of anthropogenic soils. In: Barnhisel RI (ed.), Proceedings of a joint conference of American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 21st Annual National Conference, 25th West Virginia Surface Min Drainage Task Force Symposium, April 18-22 2004, Morgantown, West Virginia. Lexington: ASMR. pp 810–821.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes SM, Root RA Perdrial N, Maier R, Chorover J. 2014. Surficial weathering of iron sulfide mine tailings under semi-arid climate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 141: 240–257. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.05.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillel D. 2004. Introduction to environmental soil physics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanov M, Faimon J, Jarmara P, Pešák L. 2009. Evolution of minesoils at a coal waste pile: a case study from Rosice-Oslavany (Czech Republic). Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Geologia 54(1): 61–64. doi: 10.5038/1937-8602.54.1.12
   Google Scholar
• Jambor JL, Nordstrom DK, Alpers CN, Alpers CN, Jambor JL, Nordstrom DK. 2000. Metal sulfate salts from sulfide mineral oxidation. In: Ribbe PH (ed.), Sulfate minerals: crystallography, geochemistry, and environmental significance. Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America. pp 303–350.
   Google Scholar
• Jenny H. 1941. Factors of soil formation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Lajos B. 2008. Base saturation. In: Soil science. Debrecen: Debreceni Egyetem. Available at http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch05s06.html [accessed 18 February 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay WL. 1979. Chemical equilibria in soils. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Lottermoser BG. 2010. Mine wastes: characterization, treatment and environmental impacts (3rd edn). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy T, Rubidge B. 2005. The story of Earth and life: a southern African perspective on a 4.6-billion-year journey. Cape Town: Struik Nature.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy TS. 2006. The Witwatersrand Supergroup. In: Johnson MR, Anhaeusser CR, Thomas RJ (eds), The geology of South Africa. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa; Pretoria: Council for Geoscience. pp 155–186.
   Google Scholar
• McRae SG. 1988. Practical pedology: studying soils in the field. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
   Google Scholar
• Meteostat. 2018. Stilfontein ZA. Available at https://www.meteostat.net/climate/stilfontein [accessed 23 April 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Microsoft Corporation. 2013. Microsoft® Office Excel® 2013. Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell RH. 1986. Kimberlites: mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morel JL, Chenu C, Lorenz K. 2014. Ecosystem services provided by soils of urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas (SUITMAs). Journal of Soils and Sediments 15: 1659–1666. doi: 10.1007/s11368-014-0926-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucina L, Rutherford MC (eds). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Naicker K, Cukrowska E, McCarthy TS. 2003. Acid mine drainage arising from gold mining activity in Johannesburg, South Africa and environs. Environmental Pollution 122: 29–40. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00281-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Néel C, Bril H, Courtin-Nomade A, Dutreuil J. 2003. Factors affecting natural development of soil on 35-year-old sulphide-rich mine tailings. Geoderma 111: 1–20. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00237-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nengovhela AC, Yibas B, Ogola JS. 2006. Characterisation of gold tailings dams of the Witwatersrand Basin with reference to their acid mine drainage potential, Johannesburg, South Africa. Water SA 32: 499–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiffer S, Walton-Day K, Macalady DL. 1999. The interaction of natural organic matter with iron in a wetland (Tennessee Park, Colorado) receiving acid mine drainage. Aquatic Geochemistry 5: 207–223. doi: 10.1023/A:1009617925959
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouyat RV, Effland WR. 1999. The investigation and classification of humanly modified soils in the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. In: Kimble JM. Ahrens RJ, Bryant RB (eds), Classification, correlation, and management of anthropogenic soils. Lincoln, NE: US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center. pp 141–154.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts JA, Daniels WL, Bell JC, Burger JA. 1988. Early stages of mine soil genesis as affected by topsoiling and organic amendments. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52: 730–738. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200030025x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini TC, Banning NC. 2016. Alkaline tailings as novel soil forming substrates: reframing perspectives on mining and refining wastes. Hydrometallurgy 164: 38–47. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini TC, Fey MV, Gilkes RJ. 2015. Experimental simulation of long term weathering in alkaline bauxite residue tailings. Metals 5: 1241–1261. doi: 10.3390/met5031241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder D. 1984. Soils: facts and concepts. Bern: International Potash Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Sencindiver JC, Ammons JT. 2000. Minesoil genesis and classification. In: Barnhisel RI, Darmody RG (eds), Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands (2nd edn). Agronomy Monograph 41. Madison: American Society of Agronomy. pp 595–613.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner EMW, Truswell JF. 2006. Kimberlites. In: Johnson MR, Anhaeusser CR, Thomas RJ (eds), The geology of South Africa. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa; Pretoria: Council for Geoscience. pp 651–659.
   Google Scholar
• Soil Classification Working Group. 1991. Soil classification: a taxonomic system for South Africa (2nd edn). Pretoria: Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Soil Classification Working Group. 2018. Soil classification: a natural and anthropogenic system for South Africa (3rd edn). Pretoria: Agricultural Research Council–Institute for Soil, Climate and Water.
   Google Scholar
• Spectrum Analytic. n.d. Cation exchange capacity (CEC). Available at https://www.spectrumanalytic.com/support/library/ff/CEC_BpH_and_percent_sat.htm [accessed 18 February 2018].
   Google Scholar
• The Non-Affiliated Soil Analyses Work Committee. 1990. Handbook of standard soil testing methods for advisory purposes. Pretoria: Soil Science Society of South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1996. Method 3050B: Acid digestion of sediments, sludges, and soils. Revision 2. Washington, DC: US EPA.
   Google Scholar
• van Deventer PW. 2011. Environmental geology of Stilfontein Gold Mine. Forum Geoökol 22(3): 22–27.
   Google Scholar
• van Deventer PW, Bloem AA, Hattingh JM. 2006. Pedogenesis in mine tailings. In: Fourie A, Tibbett M (eds), Mine closure 2006: proceedings of the First International Seminar on Mine Closure, 13–15 September 2006, Perth, Australia. Nedlands: Australian Centre for Geomechanics; Perth: University of Western Australia, Centre for Land Rehabilitation. pp 383–390.
   Google Scholar
• van Deventer PW, Hattingh JM. 2009. Concepts of rehabilitation and mine closure of mine TDFs. Fraser Alexander Tailings Disposal Course, 14–18 November 2011. Pt 3: Ch. 2. Witfield: Fraser Alexander.
   Google Scholar
• van Deventer PW, Hattingh AM, Botha F, du Plessis F. 2009. Conceptual study on reclamation of mine residue areas for development purposes. Gauteng: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development.
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulen NJ. 2001. The composition and state of gold tailings. PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Weatherbase. 2018. Stilfontein, South Africa. Available at https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=605029&cityname=Stilfontein%2C+North-West%2C+South+Africa&units= [accessed 23 April 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Weil RR, Brady NC. 2017. The nature and properties of soils (15th edn). Harlow: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Wijesekara H, Bolan NS, Vithanage M, Xu Y, Mandal S, Brown SL, Hettiarachchi GM, Pierzynski GM, Huang L, Ok YS, Kirkham MB, Saint CP, Surapaneni A. 2016. Utilization of biowaste for mine spoil rehabilitation. Advances in Agronomy 138: 97–173. doi: 10.1016/bs.agron.2016.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar