Soil fertility trends and management in Conservation Agriculture: a South African perspective

References

• AEGIC (Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre). 2016. Australian grain production – a snapshot. Sydney, Australia: AEGIC.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard RO, du Preez CC. 2004. Soil fertility in South Africa: the last twenty-five years. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 21: 301–315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2004.10635066
   Google Scholar
• Barnard RO, van der Watt HH, Dekker J, Cronjé I, Mentz WH, Cillié GEB, Laker MC. 1990. Application of Fe and Zn to lime-rich soils in the form of formulated coal products. In: Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the Soil Science Society of South Africa. pp 802–814.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard RO, van der Merwe AJ, de Villiers MC, van der Merwe GME, Mulibana NE. 2001. Problem soils including degraded soils: extent, present use, management and rehabilitation. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Network Meeting of the FAO/ISCW Expert Consultation on Management of Degraded Soils in Southern and East Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, September 2000. Rome: FAO. pp 126–140.
   Google Scholar
• Beukes DJ. 1992. Long-term effects of stubble and conventional tillage on aggregate stability and other properties of a vertic soil. Paper presented at the 17th National Congress of the SSSSA, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Beukes DJ, Swanepoel CM. 2017. The effects of conservation tillage practices and fertiliser management on soil structural properties at an experimental farm. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 34:19–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2016.1155763
   Google Scholar
• Beukes DJ, Steinke MF, Wood PC, Prinsloo HP, Smalberger SA. 2011. The promotion of commercial farming enterprises in the Qunu District through implementation of conservation agriculture principles. Project GW 52/059/03 – Final Report, 1 April 2004–31 March 2011. ARC-ISCW Report No. GW/A/2011/39.
   Google Scholar
• Birch HF. 1958. The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability. Plant and Soil 10: 9–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01343734
   Google Scholar
• Brady NC. 1984. Nature and properties of soils. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cheesman S, Thierfelder C, Eash NS, Kassie GT, Frossard E. 2016. Soil carbon stocks in conservation agriculture systems of southern Africa. Soil and Tillage Research 156: 99–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.09.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessen P, Deckers J, Spaargaren O, Nachtergaele F 2001. Lecture notes on the major soils of the world. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Dube E, Chiduza C, Muchaonyerwa P. 2014. High-biomass-yielding winter cover crops can improve phosphorus availability in soil. South African Journal of Science 110: 1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du Preez CC, Bennie ATP, Burger R du T. 1979. Grondverdigting onder besproeiing op die Vaalhartsbesproeiingskema. Vol. 3: Die oorsake en bekamping van verdigting van sanderige besproeiingsgronde. Bloemfontein, South Africa: Department of Soil Science, University of the Orange Free State.
   Google Scholar
• du Preez CC, Steyn JT, Kotze E. 2001. Long-term effects of wheat residue management on some fertility indicators of a semi-arid Plinthosol. Soil and Tillage Research 63: 25–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00227-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du Preez CC, van Huyssteen CW, Mnkeni PNS. 2011. Land use and soil organic matter in South Africa. 1: A review on spatial variability and the influence of rangeland stock production. South African Journal of Science 107: 27–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Toit MC, du Preez CC. 1994. Effek van bewerkingstyd op die mineraaliseerde stikstof in geselekteerde gronde van Suid-Afrika. Paper presented at the SSSSA Congress, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit MC, du Preez CC, Hensley M, Bennie ATP. 1994. Effek van bewerking op die organiese materiaalinhoud van geselekteerde droëlandgrond in Suid-Afrika. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 11: 71–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1994.10634298
   Google Scholar
• Eloff JF. 1971. Studies oor die toeganklike fosforstatus van sekere Vaalhartsgronde [Studies on the available phosphorus status of certain Vaalharts soils]. MScAgric dissertation, University of the Free State, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Eloff JF. 1984. Die grondhulpbronne van die Vrystaatstreek. PhD thesis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Eloff JF, Laker MC. 1976. Phosphorus studies on Vaalharts soils. I. Phosphorus content of the soils, as measured with different extraction procedures. Agrochemophysica 8: 11–16.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). 2018. ‘What is conservation agriculture?’ Available at http://wwwconservation-agriculture/en.
   Google Scholar
• Findlater K. 2015. Improving South Africa’s grain farming. Unpublished Survey Data, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Gaind S. 2017. Phosphorus mobilization strategies of grain legumes: an overview. Journal of Advanced Microbiology 3: 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Graham MH, Haynes RJ, Meyer JH. 2002. Changes in soil chemistry and aggregate stability induced by fertilizer applications, burning and trash retention on a long-term sugarcane experiment in South Africa. European Journal of Soil Science 53: 589–598. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00472.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grain SA. 2016. Introduction to conservation agriculture. Manual produced by Grain SA Conservation Farmer Innovation Programme. Pretoria, South Africa: Grain SA.
   Google Scholar
• GRDC (Grains Research and Development Corporation). 2021. ‘Growing regions.’ Australian Government – Grains Research and Development Corporation. Available at grdc.com. au>about>our-industry>growing regions.
   Google Scholar
• Haarhoff SJ. 2020. New perspectives on plant population and row spacing of rainfed maize. PhD thesis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Haarhoff SJ, Kotzé TN, Swanepoel PA. 2020. A prospectus for sustainability of rainfed, maize production systems in South Africa. Crop Science 60: 14–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh HT, Hufnagel J, Wurbs A, Bellingrath-Kimura SD. 2019. Influences of soil tillage, irrigation and crop rotation on maize biomass yield in a 9-year field study in Müncheberg, Germany. Field Crops Research 241: article 107565. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai K, Sugihara S, Wasaki J, Tanaka H. 2019. Effects of white lupin and groundnut on fractionated rhizosphere soil P of different P-limited soil types in Japan. Agronomy 9: article 68. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISSS Working Group RB 1998. World Reference Base for Soil Resources: Atlas (E.M. Bridges, N.H. Batjes and F.O. Nachtergaele, Eds.) ISRIC-FAO-ISSS-Acco, Leuven.
   Google Scholar
• Jones A, Breuning-Madsen H, Brossard M, Dampha A, Deckers J, Dewiite O, et al. (eds) 2013. Soil atlas of Africa. Luxembourg: European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Kassam A, Friedrich T, Derpsch R. 2019. Global spread of conservation agriculture. International Journal of Environmental Studies 76: 29–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2018.1494927
   Google Scholar
• Kotzé E, du Preez CC. 2008. Influence of long-term wheat residue management on acidity and some macronutrients in an Avalon soil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 25: 14–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2008.10639890
   Google Scholar
• Laker MC. 1964. Die invloed van kalken fosfaattoediening op die opname van sink en fosfaat deur plante. MSc thesis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Laker MC. 1967a. Effects of previous applications of lime and zinc on the subsequent uptake of phosphorus and fertilizer zinc by rye plants in a pot experiment. South African Journal of Agricultural Science 10: 11–18.
   Google Scholar
• Laker MC. 1967b. Opname van sink en fosfor deur plante uit sandgrond [in Afrikaans with English and French summaries]. South African Journal of Agricultural Science 10: 323–330.
   Google Scholar
• Laker MC. 2003. Advances in the South African soil classification system. In: H Eswaran, T Rice, R Ahrens, BA Stewart (eds), Soil classification: a global desk reference. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laker MC. 2004. Advances in soil erosion, soil conservation, land suitability evaluation and land-use planning research in South Africa, 19 1978–2003. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 21(5): 345–368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2004.10635069
   Google Scholar
• Laker MC. 2005. Appropriate plant nutrient management for sustainable agriculture in southern Africa. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36: 89–106. doi: https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200042978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laker, MC. 2008. Challenges to soil fertility management in the “Third Major Soil Region of the World”, with special reference to South Africa. In: Haneklause S, Hera C, Rietz R-M, Schnug E (eds), Fertilizers and fertilization for sustainability in agriculture: the First World meets the Third World – challenges for the future. Proc. 15th International Symposium of the International Scientific Centre of Fertilizers (CIEC), 27–30 September, 2004, Pretoria, South Africa. pp 309–350.
   Google Scholar
• Laker MC, Nortjé GP. 2019. Review of existing knowledge on soil crusting in South Africa. Advances in Agronomy 155: 189–242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2019.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laker MC, Nortjé GP. 2020. Review of existing knowledge on subsurface soil compaction in South Africa. Advances in Agronomy 162: 143–197. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2020.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers JN. 2001. Zero tillage development in tropical Brazil. The story of a successful NGO activity. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 147. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Loke PF, Kotzé E, du Preez CC. 2012. Changes in soil organic matter indices following 32 years of different wheat production management practices in semi-arid South Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 94: 97–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-012-9529-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loke PF, Kotzé E, du Preez CC. 2013. Impact of long-term wheat production management practices on soil acidity, phosphorus and some micronutrients in a semi-arid Plinthosol. Soil Research 51: 415–426. doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/SR12359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loke PF, Kotzé E, du Preez CC. 2014. Long-term effects of wheat production management practices on exchangeable base cations and cation exchange capacity of a Plinthosol in semi-arid South Africa. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 45: 1083–1105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.867060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw HA. 1960. Unpublished ‘Soil Microbiology’ lecture notes, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Lundy ME, Pittelkow CM, Linquist BA, Liang X, Van Groeningen KJ, Lee J. 2015. Nitrogen fertilization reduces yield declines following no-till adoption. Field Crops Research 183: 204–210. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maali SH. 2003. Biomass production, yield and quality response of spring wheat to soil tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilisation in the Swartland wheat-producing area of South Africa. PhD thesis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Maali SH, Agenbag GA. 2004. Effect of soil tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen application rates on plant-N content of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Swartland wheat-producing area of the Republic of South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 21: 255–260. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2004.10635059
   Google Scholar
• Mbatani BN 2000. Determining the rainfed arable production potential of climatically marginal land in the North West Province using the CYSLAMB land evaluation model. MInstAgrar thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Merlos FA, Monzon JP, Mercau JI, Taboada M, Andrade FH, Hall AJ et al. 2015. Potential for crop production increase in Argentina through closure of existing yield gaps. Field Crops Research 184: 145–154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzangwa L, Chiduza C, Muchaonyerwa P. 2012. Biomass production, weed suppression, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in white oat (Avena sativa L.) and grazing vetch (Vicia dasycarpa L.) cover crop bi-cultures under an irrigated no-till system. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 29: 135–141. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2012.741719
   Google Scholar
• Muzangwa L, Chiduza C, Muhaonyerwa P. 2013. Feasibility of winter cover crop production under rainfed conditions in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. African Crop Science Journal 21: 173–184.
   Google Scholar
• National Yield Estimates Committee. 2019. White and yellow maize yields per province for the 1988/89–2017/18 seasons. Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Nel AA. 2016a. Response of sunflower to a conservation agriculture production system and nitrogen fertilisation. Project M106/100 Final Report. Potchefstroom, South Africa: ARC-Grain Crops Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Nel AA. 2016b. Geenbewerking kan sonneblom se kaliumopname beïnvloed [No-tillage can affect potassium uptake by sunflower]. SAGraan [SAGrain], April 2016: 53–55.
   Google Scholar
• Nel PC, Barnard RO, Steynberg RE, de Beer JM, Groeneveld HT. 1996. Trends in maize grain yields in a long-term fertilizer trial. Field Crops Research 47: 53–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(96)00006-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njaimwe AN, Mnkeni PN, Chiduza C, Muchaonyerwa P, Wakindiki I. 2016. Tillage and crop rotation effects on carbon sequestration and aggregate stability in two contrasting soils at the Zanyokwe Irrigation Scheme, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 33: 317–324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2016.1163424
   Google Scholar
• Pittelkow CM, Linquist BA, Lundy ME, Liang X, van Groenigen KJ, Lee J et al. 2015. When does no-till yield more? A global meta-analysis. Field Crops Research 183: 156–168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze RE 1997. South African atlas of agrohydrology and climatology. WRC Report No. TT82/96. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Smith HJ. 1998. Definition and demarcation of high-potential land for rainfed annual crop production. MInstAgrar thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Smith H, Trytsman G. 2017. Conservation agriculture and soil fertility management. Part 1: Theoretical principles and practices. Pretoria, South Africa: Grain SA. pp 20–23.
   Google Scholar
• Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys (2nd edn). USDA-NRCS Agriculture Handbook 436. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Sosibo NZ, Muchaonyerwa P, Visser L, Barnard A, Dube E, Tsilo TJ. 2017. Soil fertility constraints and yield gaps of irrigation wheat in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 113: 1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss J. 2020. Resilient cropping systems in a Mediterranean climate. In: Dent D (ed.), Regenerative agriculture. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Swanepoel CM, Marais M, Swart A, Habig J, Koch S, Sekgota WM et al. 2014. Final report: Quantifying effects of CA practices on soil and plant properties. ARC-ISCW report no. GW/A/2014/37. Pretoria, South Africa: Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Institute for Soil, Climate and Water (ISCW).
   Google Scholar
• Swanepoel CM, Swanepoel LH, Smith HJ. 2017. A review of conservation agriculture research in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 35: 297–306. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2017.1390615
   Google Scholar
• Thibaud GR. 2000. NPK fertilization and liming for no-till. A guide to no-till crop production in KwaZulu-Natal. Howick, South Africa: No-till Club.
   Google Scholar
• Thibaud GR. 2014. Soil acidity and fertiliser management in conservation agriculture. Presentation at the Fertasa Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Symposium, 12 August 2014, CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Van Antwerpen R, Laker MC, Beukes DJ, Botha JJ, Collett A, du Plessis M. 2021. Conservation agriculture farming systems in rainfed annual crop production in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil [this issue].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Merwe AJ, de Villiers MC, Barnard RO, Beukes DJ, Laker MC, Berry WAJ. 2001. Technical report on guidelines on the management and rehabilitation of acid and fertility declined soils in South Africa. Proceedings of the 2nd Network Meeting of the FAO/ISCW expert consultation on management of degraded soils in southern and East Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, September 2000. Rome: FAO. pp 141–171.
   Google Scholar
• van der Waals JH, Laker MC. 2008. Micronutrient deficiencies in crops in Africa with emphasis on southern Africa. In: Alloway BJ (ed), Micronutrient deficiencies in global crop production. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. pp 201–224.
   Google Scholar