References
- Adegbija E. 1994. Language attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A sociolinguistic overview. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
- Bamgbose A. 1991. Language and the nation: The language question in Sub-Saharan Africa. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Bamgbose A. 2000. Language and exclusion: The consequences of language policies in Africa. London: Transaction Publishers.
- Bamgbose A. 2007. Multilingualism and exclusion: Policy, practice and prospects. In: Cuvelier P, Du Plessis T, Lut Teck MM. (eds), Multilingualism and exclusion: Policy, practice and prospects. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers. pp 1–12.
- Basimolodi OM. 2001. A review of Botswana's language policy in education and its effect on minority languages and national development. In: Trewby R, Fitchat S. (eds), Language and development in Southern Africa: Making the right choices. Conference Proceedings National Institute for Educational Development. Okahandja, Namibia, 11–13 April 2000. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp 143–158.
- Batibo HM. 2001. The empowerment of minority languages for education and development: Keynote theme paper. In: Trewby R, Fitchat S. (eds), Language and development in Southern Africa: Making the right choices. Conference Proceedings National Institute for Educational Development. Okahandja, Namibia, 11–13 April 2000. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp 123–135.
- Batibo HM. 2005. Language decline and death in Africa: Causes, consequences and challenges. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
- Batibo HM, Mosaka A. 2000. Linguistic barriers as a hindrance to information flow: The case of Botswana. In: Batibo HM, Smieja B. (eds), Botswana, the future of the minority languages. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. pp 99–104.
- Boafo STK. 1985. Utilising development communication strategies in African societies: A critical perspective (Development Communication in Africa). International Journal for Mass Communication Studies 35(2): 83–92.
- Boafo STK. 1988. Democratising mass media systems in African societies. The case of Ghana. International Journal of Mass Communication 41(1): 37–51.
- Browne DR. 2005. Ethnic minorities, electronic media, and the public sphere: A comparative approach. Cresskill, New Jersey: Hampton Press, Inc.
- Browne DR. 2007. Speaking up: A brief history of minority languages and the electronic media worldwide. In: Cormack M, Hourigan N. (eds), Minority language media: Concepts, critiques and case studies. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp 107–132.
- Cormack M. 2007a. Introduction: Studying minority language media. In: Cormack M, Hourigan N. (eds), Minority language media: Concepts, critiques and case studies. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp 1–16.
- Cormack M. 2007b. The media and language maintenance. In: Cormack M, Hourigan N. (eds), Minority language media: Concepts, critiques and case studies. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp 52–68.
- Crystal D. 2000. Language death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Djité GP. 2008. The sociolinguistics of development in Africa. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
- Dralega CA. 2009. Participatory ethos, multimedia experiments, and disjunctures in community media in Uganda. Ecqiud Novi: African Journalism Studies 30(1): 24–41. doi: 10.3368/ajs.30.1.24
- Faure C. 2001. Newspaper production. In: Fourie PJ (ed.), Media studies: Volume 2: Content, audiences and production. Lansdowne: Juta Education. pp 341–383.
- Focus group discussions, in Bulilima district, 24 October 2011. Freire P. 1970. A pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Seabury Press.
- Gatsha G. 2009. Introducing minority and marginalized languages in schools through pastoral care. In: Kamwendo G, Jankie D, Chebbane A. (eds), Mother tongue education for all: Multilingualism in education and communities in Southern Africa. Gaborone: UBTromso Collaborative Programme for San Research and Capacity Building. pp 64–68.
- Government of the Republic of South Africa. 1999. Broadcasting Act 4 of 1999.
- Government of the Republic of South Africa. 1996. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
- Government of Zimbabwe. 1980. The Constitution of Zimbabwe. Harare: Government Printers.
- Guyot J. 2007. Minority language media and the public sphere. In: Cormack M, Hourigan N. (eds), Minority language media: Concepts, critiques and case studies. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp 34–51.
- Hachipola SJ. 1998. A survey of the minority languages of Zimbabwe. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.
- International Labour Organisation, 1993. No application form: Poems and stories by women with disabilities from Southern Africa with forgotten daughters: A glimpse of the lives of women with disabilities in Gokwe and Harare. Avondale: Improved Livelihood for Disabled Women: A Regional Promotional Programme for Southern African Countries.
- Kamwendo GH. 2002. Ethnic revival and language association in the new Malawi: The case of Chitumbuka. In: Englund H. (ed.), A democracy of chameleons. Politics and culture in the new Malawi. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute. pp 140–150.
- Kamwendo GH. 2005. Language planning from below: An example from Northern Malawi. Language Policy 4: 143–165. doi: 10.1007/s10993-005-3514-8
- Lenglet F. 1980. The Ivory Coast: Who benefits from education/ information in rural television. In: McAnany EG. (ed.), Communications in the rural Third World: The role of information in development. New York: Praeger Publishers. pp 49–70.
- Letsholo R. 2011. Prospects of multilingualism in Botswana: Whither vision 2016? A paper presented at the University of Botswana English Department's 6th International Conference. 1–3 June 2011. University of Botswana, Gaborone.
- Makoni S, Makoni B, Nyika N. 2008. Language planning from below: The case of the Tonga in Zimbabwe. Current Issues in Language Planning 9(4): 413–439. doi: 10.1080/14664200802354419
- Manyozo L. 2009. Mobilizing rural and community radio in Africa. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 30(1): 1–23. doi: 10.3368/ajs.30.1.1
- May S. 2001. Language and minority rights: Ethnicity and the politics of language. New York: Routledge.
- McAnany EG. 1980. Overview. In: McAnany EG. (ed.), Communications in the rural Third World: The role of information in development. New York: Praeger Publishers. pp xi–xv.
- McKay B. 2009. Using community radio in Ghana to facilitate community participation in natural resource management. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 30(1): 73–93. doi: 10.3368/ajs.30.1.73
- Mda Z. 1993. When people play people: Development communication through theatre. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, London and Jersey: Zed Books.
- Mhlanga B. 2009. The community in community radio: A case study of XK FM, Interrogating issues of community participation, governance, and control. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 30(1): 58–72. doi: 10.3368/ajs.30.1.58
- Molosiwa A. 2005. Extinction or distinction? Empowering seTswana as the medium of instruction in Botswana schools. In: Brock-Utne B, Hopson RK. (eds), Languages of instruction for African emancipation: Focus on postcolonial contexts and considerations. Cape Town: CASAS, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. pp 175–197.
- Monaka KC. 2009. Mother tongue education: Prospects for Bakgalagari learners. In: Kamwendo G, Jankie D, Chebanne A. (eds), Mother tongue education for all: Multilingualism in education and communities in Southern Africa. Gaborone: UBTromso Collaborative Programme for San Research and Capacity Building. pp 69–79.
- Moring T. 2007. Functional completeness in minority language media. In: Cormack M, Hourigan N. (eds), Minority language media: Concepts, critiques and case studies. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp 17–33.
- Moto F. 2009. Language, power & society. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press.
- Mumpande I. 2006. Silent voices: Indigenous languages in Zimbabwe. Harare: Weaver Press.
- Mwaniki MM. 2004. Language planning: Towards a language management approach. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. Bloemfontein: University of the Free State.
- Nassanga GL. 2009. As assessment of the changing community media parameters in East Africa. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 30(1): 42–57. doi: 10.3368/ajs.30.1.42
- Ndhlovu F. 2008a. The conundrums of language policy and politics in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Australian Journal of Linguistics 28(1): 59–80. doi: 10.1080/07268600701877499
- Ndhlovu F. 2008b. The politics of language and nationality in Zimbabwe: Nation building or empire building? South African Journal of African Languages 28(1): 1–10.
- Ndhlovu F. 2009. The politics of language and nation building in Zimbabwe. Bern: Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers.
- Ndhlovu F. 2010. Language politics in postcolonial Africa revisited: Minority agency and language imposition. Language Matters 41(2): 175–192. doi: 10.1080/10228195.2010.492231
- Ndlovu E. 2013. Mother tongue education in official minority languages of Zimbabwe: A language management critique. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Bloemfontein, University of the Free State.
- Ndlovu SG. 2001. ‘Body wants minority languages taught in schools’, in The Daily News, 2 May.
- Nyika N. 2008a. Language activism in Zimbabwe: Grassroots mobilisation, collaborations and action. Language Matters 39(1): 3–17. doi: 10.1080/10228190802320998
- Nyika N. 2008b. ‘Our languages are equally important’: Struggles for the revitalisation of the minority languages in Zimbabwe. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 26(4): 457–470. doi: 10.2989/SALALS.2008.26.4.4.676
- O'Connell E. 2007. Translation and minority language media: Potential and problems: An Irish perspective. In: Cormack M, Hourigan N. (eds), Minority language media: Concepts, critiques and case studies. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp 212–228.
- Organisation of African Unity. 1986. The Language Plan of Action for Africa.
- Prah KK. 2000a. African languages for the mass education of Africans. Cape Town: CASAS.
- Prah KK. 2000b. Introduction: The missing link in African education and development. In: Prah KK. (ed.), Between distinction and extinction: The harmonisation and standardisation of African languages. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp 1–15.
- Prah KK. 2002. Introduction: Rehabilitating African languages. In: Prah KK. (ed.), Rehabilitating African languages. Cape Town: CASAS. pp 1–6.
- Riggins SH. 1992. The promise and limits of ethnic minority media. In: Riggins SH. (ed.), Ethnic minority media. Newbury Park, CA: Sager Publishers. pp 276–288.
- Rønning H, Kupe T. 2000. The dual legacy of democracy and authoritarianism: The media and the State in Zimbabwe. In: Curran J, Park MJ. (eds), De-Westernising media studies. London/ New York: Routledge. pp 157–177.
- SABC. 2004. SABC Editorial Policies.
- Shore L. 1980. Mass media for development: A re-examination of access, exposure, and impact. In: McAnany EG. (ed.), Communications in the rural Third World: The role of information in development. New York: Praeger Publishers. pp 19–45.
- Tarawalie F. 2008. Blending new technology with local indigenous cultures: A new approach to communication for rural development. African Communication Research 1(1): 61–87.
- Tollefson JW. 1991. Planning language, planning inequality: Language policy in the community. New York: Longman.
- Tollefson JW. 2002. Introduction: Critical issues in educational language policy. In: Tollefson JW. (ed.), Language policies in education: Critical issues. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc Publishers. pp 3–16.
- Tsui ABM, Tollefson JW. 2004. The centrality of medium-of-instruction policy in sociopolitical processes. In: Tollefson JW, Tsui ABM. (eds), Medium of instruction policies: Which agenda? Whose agenda? Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Publishers. pp 1–20.
- UNDP. 1999. Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.
- United Nations. 2000. UN Millennium Project: Millennium Development Goals – UN Millennium Project. Available at: www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/index.htm [Accessed 4 June 2011].
- Wigston D. 2001a. Educational media: Radio. In: Fourie PJ. (ed.), Media studies: Volume 2: Content, audiences and production. Lansdowne: Juta Education. pp 537–577.
- Wigston D. 2001b. Radio production. In: Fourie PJ. (ed.), Media studies: Volume 2: Content, audiences and production. Lansdowne: Juta Education. pp 402–445.
- Zimba M. 2011. Zambia: Language, a vital tool for communication [Online]. Available at: http://allafrica.com/stories/ printable/201105161183.html [Accessed 4 June 2011].