Expressions from Zulu proverbs on the uniqueness of motherhood in mitigating the adverse effects of orphanhood

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   Google Scholar
• Mudau TJ, Mukansi LE, Ncube D. 2018. The effects of single parenting on raising teenagers: a case study of the Hasani Dakari village Vhembe district in Limpopo province, South Africa. Gender and Behaviour 16(2): 11728–11739.
   Google Scholar
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   Google Scholar
• Nzegwu N. 2004. The epistemological challenge of motherhood to patriliny. Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 5: 223–264.
   Google Scholar
• Odenweller KG, Rittenour CE. 2017. Stereotypes of stay-at-home and working mothers. Southern Communication Journal 82(2): 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2017.1287214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czarnabay D, Dalmago J, Martins AS, Queiroz A, Sperling LE, Reis KP, Pranke P, Benetti F. 2019. Repeated three-hour maternal deprivation as a model of early-life stress alters maternal behavior, olfactory learning and neural development. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 163: 107040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Witt MW, Lessing AC. 2010. The psychosocial well-being of orphans in South Africa: the perception of orphans and teachers. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 6(2): 461–477. doi: 10.4102/td.v6i2.262
   Google Scholar
• Dipio D. 2019. African motherhood proverbs and worldview: A matriarchal perspective. Legon Journal of the Humanities 30(1): 3–23. doi: 10.4314/ljh.v30i1.1
   Google Scholar
• Dlamini SN. 2015. The relationship between single mothering and adolescents’ sexual behaviour in black families in urban South Africa: A retrospective analysis of the birth to twenty cohort. Doctoral dissertation. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Guzzardi MA, Granziera F, Sanguinetti E, Ditaranto F, Muratori F, Iozzo P. 2020. Exclusive breastfeeding predicts higher hearinglanguage development in girls of preschool age. Nutrients 12(8): 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty M. 2018. The story of Victor Frankenstein: A tale of misguided maternal instincts. Honors Journal Nassau Community College 12: 41–66.
   Google Scholar
• Fourie J. 2018. Why are there so many single mothers? Socio-economics: opinion. Finweek, 27 September: 4.
   Google Scholar
• Howard B, Matinhure N, McCurdy SA, Johnson CA. 2006. Psychosocial disadvantage: preparation, grieving, remembrance and recovery for orphans in eastern Zimbabwe. African Journal of AIDS Research 5(1): 71–83. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085900609490368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hrdy SB. 1999. Mother nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. New York: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein JW. 2009. A discursive representation of women in sample proverbs from Ethiopia, Sudan and Kenya. Research in African Literatures 40(3): 96–108. https://doi.org/10.2979/rAL.2009.40.3.96
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal MI, Rafique G, Ali SA. 2017. The effect of breastfeeding on the cognitive and language development of children under 3 years of age: results of Balochistan early childhood development project. Journal of General Practice 5(2): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9126.1000305
   Google Scholar
• James S. 2015. Xhosa teenager’s experience of motherhood. Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 17(1): 90–103.
   Google Scholar
• Janetsian-Fritz SS, Timme NM, Timm MM, McCane AM, Baucum II AJ, O’Donnell BF, Lapish CC. 2018. Maternal deprivation induces alterations in cognitive and cortical function in adulthood. Translational Psychiatry 8(1): 1–15. doi: 10.1038/s41398-017-0025-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kambali MY, Anshu K, Kutty BM, Muddashetty, RS, Laxmi TR. 2019. Effect of early maternal separation stress on attention, spatial learning and social interaction behaviour. Experimental Brain Research 237(8): 1993–2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05567-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney MS, Wilson R. 2018. Male earnings, marriageable men, and nonmarital fertility: Evidence from the fracking boom. Review of Economics and Statistics 100(4): 678–690. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, Igumnov S, Fombonne E, Bogdanovich N, Ducruet T, Collet JP. 2008. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 65(5): 578–584. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunene M. 1994. Zulu Proverbs and Popular Sayings. Cape Town: Via Afrika.
   Google Scholar
• Laframboise 2019. Culture affects poverty: Children and family structure [blog]. https://borgenproject.org/tag/single-parent-households/
   Google Scholar
• Lalthapersad-Pillay P. 2008. The orphan problem in selected African countries. Africa Insight 37(4): 148–159. https://doi.org/10.4314/ai.v37i4.22520
   Google Scholar
• Lamb ME, Pleck JH, Levine JA. 1985. The role of the father in child development: The effects of increased paternal involvement. In: Lahey BB, Kazdin AE (eds), Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 8. Boston: Springer. pp. 229–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9820-2_7
   Google Scholar
• Masuku N. 2020. Motherhood venerated in Zulu proverbs and folktales: The Africana-womanist approach. South African Journal of African Languages 40(2): 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2020.1804287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuku MM, Chiliza, TH. 2021. Cross-parallels in isiZulu proverbial messages. South African Journal of African Languages 41(1): 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2021.1902140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinck F, Cluver LD, Orkin FM, Kuo C, Sharma AD. Hensels IS, Sherr L. 2017. Pathways from family disadvantage via abusive parenting and caregiver mental health to adolescent health risks in South Africa. Journal of Adolescent Health 60(1): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes J, das Neves BHS, Gonçalves R, Benetti F, Mello-Carpes PB. 2020. Maternal deprivation impairs memory and cognitive flexibility, effect that is avoided by environmental enrichment. Behavioural Brain Research 381: 112468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhlambi IJ. 2012. African-language literatures: Perspectives on isiZulu fiction and popular black television series. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. https://doi.org/10.18772/12012065652
   Google Scholar
• Mlondo NM. 1987. The educational role of a black working mother. Doctoral dissertation. University of Zululand, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Moore E. 2013. Transmission and change in South African motherhood: black mothers in three-generational Cape Town families. Journal of Southern African Studies 39(1): 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2013.764713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty JK. 2019. Maternal instinct: Exploring the dynamic between mother and non-mother characters in contemporary plays. Doctoral dissertation. Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Motz M, Espinet SD, Jeong JJ, Major D, Racine N, Chamberlin J, Pepler DJ. 2011. The role of the mother-child relationship in developmental outcomes of infants and young children with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology 18(3): 544–563.
   Google Scholar
• Mudau TJ, Mukansi LE, Ncube D. 2018. The effects of single parenting on raising teenagers: a case study of the Hasani Dakari village Vhembe district in Limpopo province, South Africa. Gender and Behaviour 16(2): 11728–11739.
   Google Scholar
• Muwati I, Gambahaya Z, Gwekwerere T. 2011. Africana womanism and African proverbs: Theoretical grounding of mothering/ motherhood in Shona and Ndebele cultural discourse. Western Journal of Black Studies 35(1): 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Newlin M. 2017. Public perceptions towards children brought up by single mothers: A case of Queenstown, South Africa. Journal of Human Ecology 58(3): 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2017.1324695
   Google Scholar
• Ntuli B, Mokgatle M, Madiba S. 2020. The psychosocial well-being of orphans: The case of early school leavers in socially depressed environment in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. PLoS One 15(2): e0229487. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyembezi CSL. 1990. Zulu Proverbs. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter.
   Google Scholar
• Nzegwu N. 2004. The epistemological challenge of motherhood to patriliny. Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 5: 223–264.
   Google Scholar
• Odenweller KG, Rittenour CE. 2017. Stereotypes of stay-at-home and working mothers. Southern Communication Journal 82(2): 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2017.1287214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar