- 1998 . The president of the National Union of Namibian Workers (NUNW), Pohele Ya France, was reported to have declared: ‘The NUNW demands that the land must be returned to the tillers and should not be bought.’ He also demanded that N £20 million earmarked for compensation for land should be cancelled and be used for technical and financial assistance to resettled communities. He argued that ‘it is morally and politically self-defeating for the Swapo party government to buy what has never been bought’, and demanded that the constitution be amended to ‘allow for peaceful repossession of land’. See The Namibian, 9 July
- 1955 . The late Brigitte Lau, who in her relatively short lifespan as an historian did more than anyone else to redirect and enervate historical inquiry into the Namibian past, was a passionate opponent of the bureaucratic and monopolistic nature of Suth African rule in Namibia, not least because of the effect it had on the (lack of) transparency and the paucity of official information, particularly between and 1970. In her attempts to expose South Africa's promotion of racial (in general) and sectional (in particular) interests, though, she did sometimes resort to blanket statements that failed to convey the whole truth about issues. The following examples are evidence of this: ‘The Union government immediately embarked on a very extensive and indiscriminate give-away land scheme’, and ‘Namibia became a dumping ground for illiterate and poor Afrikaners which the Union government did not want within their own borders: letter to Windhoek Observer, 9 Now. 1996
- Hayes , P. , Silvester , J. , Wallace , M. , Hayes , P. , Silvester , J. , Wallace , M. and Hartmann , W. 1998 . Namibia under South African Rule: Mobility and Containment, 1915–46 19 – 22 . Oxford An obvious danger, of course, exists in attempts to portray the various language groups in simplistic and antagonistic terms. In each of the various white language groups, distinctions could be drawn between those favouring closer integration with the respective mother countries (Germany or South Africa), or those that argued for greater local auntonomy. Added to this were various currents that reflected the desire for greater co-operation between various white sections and others whose attitudes reflected their ethno-centric concerns. Likewise, even though the SWA Administration was keen to construct an image of settled, civilised life (whites) and constant movement and backwardness (blacks), they failed to escape the irony represented by the fact that they allowed whites to maintain a pattern of movement designed to maximise utilisation of grazing and water resources. For a succinct discussion of the latter issue, see
- Lau , B. and Reiner , P. 1993 . 100 Years of Agricultural Development in Colonial Namibia: A Historical Overview of Visions and Experiments 1 Archaeia, no. 17, National Archives of Namibia, Windhoek
- 1906 . For reports on the shortcomings of the small settlement system, see the following: Deutsch Züdwestafrikansiche Zeitung, 14 July (editorial), which argued that small settlements should be managed as subsidiary enterprises, next to stock farming;Windhuker Nachrictung, 9 May 1908, which favoured small stock farming on account of the expenses involved in establishing a small settlement concern. German Colonial Director Dernburg declared after his visit to Namibia in 1908 that insufficient capital was available for small settlements, transport infrastructure was inadequate and the white population too small to serve as a market for local produce: quoted in A.J. de Kock, ‘Die Kleinhoewe Stelsel in Suidwes-Afrika gedurende die Duitse Bewind, 1884–1914’ (MAthesis, University of Stellenbosch, 1965), 174. EngineerVon Zwergern was quoted in the Frankfurter Zeitung of 7 Sep. 1911 as being of the opinion that the small settlement system did not fulfil expectations mostly due to serious water problems, the fact that the settlers were not sufficiently competent, and the expenses involved: De Kock, ‘Kleinhoewe Stelsel’, 174. Prominent colonial official, Dr P. Rohrbach, stated that ‘whoever will live in German SWA must live essentially by stock farming’: quoted in G. Schrank, ‘South West Africa: Social and Economic Aspects of its History, 1884–1915’ (PhD thesis, New York University, 1974), 94. According to Schrank, Governor Leutwein himself envisaged South West Africa eventually becoming a cattle-farming country able to compete on the world market: Schrank, ‘South West Africa’, 99
- Schrank . ‘South West Africa’, 234
- Ibid., 231
- Ibid, 228
- Trümpelmann , G. P.J. 1948 . 89 ‘Die Boer in Suidwes-Afrika’, in Archives Year Book for South African History, 11, 2 (Pretoria
- Blumhagen , H. 1921 . Südafrika unter Einschluss von Sudwest-Afrika 95 Pretoria
- 1915 . Memorandum on the Country known as German South West Africa 59 Pretoria National Archives of Namibia (hereafter NUN), L. 618
- Hayes . Namibia under South African Rule 46
- Rawlinson , J. 1994 . The Meat Industry of Namibia, 1835–1994 Windhoek The export of livestock to South Africa was beset with problems, such as the split tariff in operation between the two territories, a tax on meat exports and transportation bottlenecks, with the result that farmers often lost money on their consignments. For an overview of these and other problems, which were regularly investigated by the Administration in the hope of arriving at satisfactory export arrangements, see (esp. chs. 15 and 16
- This quote comes from Hayes et al, Namibia under South African Rule, 28
- Louis , R. 1967 . The South West African Origins of the “sacred Trust”, 1914–1919 . African Affairs , 66 ( 262 ) : 28 – 35 .
- Braum , R. L. 1925 . South West Africa under Mandate: Documents on the Administration of the Former German Protectorate of Southwest Africa by the Union of South Africa under Mandate of the League of Nations, 1919–1929 Salisbury, NC American Consul General, letter to US Secretary of State, 16 July, quoted in (1976, author's emphasis
- 1935 . Former administrator G.R. Hofmeyr in testimony before the SWA Commission, Cape Town, 28 Nov. Minutes of the South West Africa Commission, 2776
- Louis . ‘South West Africa Origins’, 23
- Cockram , G.-M. 1976 . South West African Mandate 42 Cape Town
- 1946 . Reply of the Government of the Union of South Africa to the Trusteeship Council Questionnaire on the Report to the United Nations on the Administration of South West Africa for the Year, p. 227
- 1920 . The Cape Times, 18 Sep. The full version of the memorandum appeared in the German paper, Landes Zeitung, 4 Sep. 1920
- 1923 . US Consul, Cape Town, in dispatch to Secretary of State, Washington, no. 449, 26 Feb.: quoted in Braum, South West Africa under Mandate, 60–3
- Cockram . South West Africa Mandate 82
- 1924 . NAN, A 312, item 62, Secretary for SWA, HP. Smit, in letter to Administrator Hofmeyr, 18 Aug. Smit, of course, failed to mention that immigrants from South Africa were required to possess only £250
- 1924 . Hofmeyr to Smit, 6 Aug.
- 1924 . NAN, AP 5/7/2, Secretary for South West Africa, H.P. Smith, quoted in the Report of the South West Africa Commission, UG 26–1936, p. 33. To entice people to settle on farms, government officials were allowed to engage in farming without having to resign their posts in the Administration. A regulation stipulated that civil servants and policemen could apply for farms when they were within five years of retirement, but occupation was not required until they had actually retired. The amended Land Settlement Proclamation (310/1927) enabled the Administrator to suspend the requirement that buyers occupy their farms. References to Civil Service circulars permitting the purchase of farms and exempting the beneficiaries from occupation are too numerous to list here. The following are examples: NAN, SWAA, St. 297, A. 32/4, Secretary for South West Africa in monthly circular of Administration, 24 Jan. NAN, SWAA, St. 297, A. 32/4, Secretary for South West Africa to Senior Officer Lands Branch, 15 Feb. 1921
- 1920 . NAN, RLA, 1, Minutes of Land Board, 1919–20, J. Adams, report to Secretary of Lands, Pretoria, 10 Feb.
- 1927 . NAN, SWAA, Report of the Farm Industry Commission (Windhoek, pp 5–6
- 1924 . NAN, A. 312, vol. 16, item 61, Administrator G. Hofmeyr to Secretary for SWA, H.P. Smit, 19 Aug. This was in response to a request from SA Prime Ministre Hertzog (who became leader of the Pact government in 1924) to explain what was done to ‘counter any possible large influx from across the water’—whether Hertzog had in mind an influx from Germany, or from Britain too, is not clear. Hofmeyr did, however, in his letter to Smit, reveal that a permit system was in operation to regulate settlement. It was abolished in 1924 and as Hofmeyr opposed this step, it can only be assumed that it was designed to regulate German immigration
- 1928 . Administrator Werth (1926-1932) addressed such a meeting in the Orange Free State province in South Africa in: personal communication, 15 Dec. 1995, from Mr D.J. Botha, whose father attended the meeting and subsequently decided to emigrate to Namibia
- 1935 . NAN, SWAA, st. 40, file 87, Chief Officer Land Branch to Secretary of South West Africa, 13 Mar.
- 1980 . Agriculture's contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (at factor cost, prices) declined from R35 million in 1928 and R19 million in 1929 to R8.4 million in 1930 (out of a GDP of R1 19 million): P.W. Hartmann, ‘A Statistical Presentation of the National Accounts of South West Africa/Namibia for the Period 1920–1987’, Statistical/Economic Review, 24
- The role of class divisions should not be overlooked in dealing with the white community. It is noticeable that more affluent, prominent whites, such as A. Voigts and Lardner-Burke, tended to favour greater local autonomy. On the other hand, poverty may have been a factor in explaining the tendency among poor Germans and Afrikaners to be more receptive to calls for ethnic mobilisation (Afrikaner nationalism and Nazism respectively). See Hayes, Namibia under South African Rule, 34–38
- Totten , R. J. 1929 . letter to US Secretary of State, 16 Aug., quoted in Braum, Southwest Africa under Mandate, 6
- 1936 . Debates in the Legislative Assembly reflected intense debate and criticism about the issue and in the report of the SAW Commission of, substantial space was devoted to discuss the settlement of Angolan famers in an attempt to determine the merits of the scheme, seen against the background of the land settlement programme. Leading members of the English and German-speaking communities tended to be the foremost critics of this and other issues, such as the way in which assistance to famers was managed
- du Pisanie , A. 1924 . South West Africa/Namibia: The Politics of Continuity and Change 73 – 81 . Johannesburg The Union Party of SWA was formed in, the same year as the National Party of SWA. In 1926 the Union Party was renamed the South West Party (S WP) and in 1927 a merger between the NP and SWP saw the emergence of the United National South West Party, from which the National Party seceded in 1939: see (1986
- Cockram . Southwest Africa Mandate 188
- 1939 . 174 – 5 . NAN, SWAA 2/14/1, Professor E. Emmet, ‘Memorandum on German Activities in South West Africa’ (The report contended that close collaboration occurred between German diplomatic representatives in Namibia and South Africa and the German Bund and other German organisations in Namibia, on the one hand, and the German Government on the other hand. The report stated: ‘Organisations like the German Bund collected information on the subject “in order to consider and prepare everything in the event of the status of the Territory being changed”’ (175)
- NAN, SWAA 2/14/1, Emmet, ‘Memorandum’, 173–6
- NAN, AP 4/1/9, U.G. Report Presented by the Government of the Union of South Africa to the Council of the League of Nations Concerning the Administration of South West Africa for the Year 1939, p. 198. The reports were submitted annually between 1919 and 1939, and in 1946, and the titles varied
- Ibid., p. 239
- 1939 . NAN, SWAA 2/14/1, Emmet, ‘Memorandum’, 176. Germans were, however, able to buy and sell farms, even during the war. Official records indicate that between and 1943, 218 farms were sold to Germans by English and Afrikaans-speakers and another 115 farms sold to Germans by other German-speakers. (Germans sold 56 farms to Union citizens.)
- 1935 . NAN, SWAA, Chief Officer of Lands Branch, N.J. Wagner to Secretary of South West Africa, 21 Oct.
- 1946 . Report of the General Rehabilitation Enquiry Commission 5 Windhoek
- Ibid., 23–6
- 1945 . Die Suidwes-Afrikaner, no. 930, 26 Jan.
- The National Party of SWA contained a strong brand of sympathy for the National Socialist-orientated OB (Ossewa Brandwag—Oxwagon Sentinel) in its ranks. The Administration had put some of the local OB leaders under surveillance during the war. Although no direct evidence about NP-OB co-operation exists, the National Party's opposition to the war and sympathy for German-speakers was well known in Namibia
- 1945 . Die Suidwes-Afrikaner, no. 927, 5 Jan., p. 2
- NAN, SWAA 2/14/1, Emmet, ‘Memorandum’
- 1953 . NAN, A 312, vol. 1, press cuttings—translation from Algemeine Zeitung, 18 Mar.
- 1996 . The former head of the National Archives in Namibia, the late Brigitte Lau, once remarked with bitterness that ‘Germans had been an oppressed minority in Namibia’: personal communication, Jan. For a useful summary of the tensions in the German community, and particularly the German Bund, between those who wanted to steer it towards embracing the National Socialist line and others who favoured concentrating on purely cultural issues (languages and schools), see Emmet, ‘Memorandum’. Numerous anecdotes of transgressions against individual Germans during the war abound. There is the case of a wealthy German farmer near Windhoek who was approached during the war by someone pretending to be a representative of the Custodian of Enemy Property who demanded the confiscation of all the farmer's stock, with which he made off. There is also evidence that some Afrikaner farmers who sympathised with their German neighbours, and assisted women whose husbands had been interned, engaged in relationships with them and in at least one case, a child was conceived: personal communication, Mr D.J. Botha, 15 Dec. 1995. Yet another case is known of an Afrikaner farmer who informed a local magistrate that his German neighbour was not interested in the vacant land adjoining his farm, which was not the case, as the German farmer desperately needed additional land. The land was subsequently allocated to the Afrikaner farmer, causing the German farmer to abandon farming: personal communication, Prof W. Haacke, 20 June 1995. The precise steps taken during the war against German-speakers and when exactly these were terminated are difficult to establish—the issue continued to attract press attention until at least 1953
- Pisanie , Du . South West Africa/Namibia 88
- 1946 . Die Suidwester, 3 May
- Weigend . Deutsche Siedlungsstrukturen in Namibia 17
- 1920 . The proclamation was replaced by Proclamation 310 of 1927. The data on conditions of allotment on farms and assistance granted to farmers in this section is derived from this proclamation: ‘Land Settlement Consolidation and Amendment Proclamation, 310/1927’, Official Gazette Extraordinary, 22 Dec. 1927
- 1935 . The Secretary for SWA, H.P. Smit, said in that the Administrator appeared to have exercised his own judgement in determining who could qualify for the land settlement programme, but he (Smit) believed the upper limit to be £5 000. A person who possessed more than this would be advised to approach the Land Bank or private banks: NAN, SWAA, Minutes of the SWA Commission, 1935, p. 1478
- Liebenberg , J. R. 1921 . in trying to bolster his application for a farm in Namibia, mentioned that General Louis Botha had promised people in Christiana in the Orange Free State that ‘Wes Afrika bestemd is vir arme blanken die geen grond heeft’ (‘West Africa was meant for poor whites who had no land’): NAN, A 312, 9, item 25, letter to Administrator, 24 May. Both former Secretary for SWA, HP. Smit, and head of the Lands Branch of the Administration, N.J. Wagner, confirmed that they operated under the assumption that the programme was designed to assist poor people: NAN, KWS, 1/4/1, vols 1–5, Minutes of the SWA Commission, 1935
- Coetzee , E. 1982 . ‘Die Geskiedenis van Landelike Vestiging van Blankes in Suidwes Afrika, 1915–39’ (MA thesis, University of Stellenbosch
- Report of the South West Africa Commission, 37
- 1935 . The report of the SWA Commission made mention of the fact that farmers in the northern part of the commercial farming area, due to what was considered over-capitalisation of their farms, suffered comparatively more during the drought, than was the case with the farmers in the more arid southern part, where people were forced to live more frugally. Whether or not this extended to more reliable debt payments by the less capitalised farmers is impossible to say
- 1932 . NAN, A 312, vol. 1, Minutes of Advisory Council Meeting, 4 July
- 1935 . NAN, KGR 3, Memorandum by Administrator (no date, though issued shortly after publication of Land Settlement Report in mid;Director Lands Branch, N.J. Wagner in letter to Secretary of SWA, 21 Oct. 1935
- 1933 . NAN, SWAA, 1755, A 353/24, Secretary of SWA to General G.M. Maritz, 18 May
- 1935 . NAN, A 312, 9, Land Settlement, Private Secretary to L. Taljaard (member of deputation and editor of UP mouthpiece, Die Suidwes-Afrikaner), 24 Sep.
- 1927 . Report on Land Settlement in South West Africa 17 Windhoek (At the time of this report, the practice of capitalising debts and suspending interest payments for specified periods were of course not yet introduced
- Report of the South West Africa Commission, 3
- Ibid., 34
- Quoted in ibid, 35–6
- 1927 . Report of the Farm Industry Commission 16 Windhoek
- Lau and Reiner, 100 Years of Agricultural Development, 52–4
- 1941 . Even though the proclamation made no mention of money being written off, the Auditor-General on one occasion declared that the Administrator could decide, on advice of the Lands Branch, to write off monies when a farmer, due to ‘adverse farming conditions’, was unable to meet his obligations. In such a case, however, the Auditor-General, if not convinced that such a write-off was justified, decreed that steps had to be taken in accordance with Resolution No. 1, Second Report of the Public Accounts Committee, which determined that prior authorisation had to be secured from the Legislative Assembly for any monies to be written off: NAN, SWAA, A 144/9, W 69, J.H. Duigan for Controller and Auditor-General, to Secretary for SWA, 30 Aug.
- 1935 . NAN, SWAA, file 87, Manager Land Bank, ‘Memorandum’, 14 Mar.
- 1948 . Report of the Long-Term Agricultural Policy Commission 28 Windhoek NAN, AP 5/7/4, (para. 236
- For an overview of the fluctuating fortunes of the various economic sectors, and the performance of the economy as a whole, measured in terms of GDP and GNP, see Hartmann, ‘Statistical Presentation of the National Accounts’, 20 and 22
- Reiner , Lau and . 100 Years of Agricultural Development 58
- Lappe , F. M. , Collins , J. , Rosset , P. and Esparza , L. 1998 . World Hunger: Twelve Myths London (The book argues, inter alia, that it is a myth to think that agricultural monopolies are more efficient than small-scale farmers
- 1951 . It is indeed a feature of the history of agriculture in Namibia that large monopolies had been noticeably absent. Farmers, through their local farming associations, the SWA Agricultural Union and political parties all periodically called for steps to be taken to prevent the consolidation of large farm holdings, as it would deprive many poor farmers of the opportunity to gain access to land. In the National Party Congress requested that the Executive Committee investigate the issue of large landowners that keep other farmers from the land. The secretary for SWA responded by pointing out that the Administration had for many years been engaged in attempts to prevent large landowners from doing just that. A land tax on land larger than 10 000 hectares had also been introduced and in cases where owners had property purely for speculative purposes, twice the normal tax could be charged. See NAN, SWAA, St. 297, A 32/1, vol. 5, Secretary of SWA to Administrator-in-Executive Council, 18 Nov. 1954
- 1981 . NAN, BB 0044, ‘Verslag van die Departementele Komitee van Ondersoek na Knelpunte in die Boerdery en Aanverwante Aangeleenthede in Outjo Distrik’ (p. 13)
- Rogers , B. , El Khawas , A. A. and Kornegay , F. 1955 . American-Southern African Relations: Bibliographic Essays 47 – 114 . London For a wide-ranging discussion about the difficulties experienced by researchers in locating information about Namibia, especially the period between and the mid 1970s, see (1975, Rogers inter alia mentions that attempts to collect information had to rely on scratching together bits and pieces of information from various sources: official reports, yearbooks, newspaper articles and speeches by officials. Information about Namibia was often hidden among statistics for the South African economy, making it almost impossible to locate
- Report of the General Rehabilitation Enquiry Commission, 23
- 1948 . It should be stressed that the Commission's report (in already contained a warning that some of the land then in the process of allocation was considered to be marginal. The apparent limit of approximately 5 000 farms should therefore be revised downward. (See the section on the environmental impact of land settlement for more information on the estimated number of commercial farms considered viable for Namibia.)
- 1964 . Report of the Commission of Enquiry into South West African Affairs 1962–3, R. P. no. 12, p. 24 (generally known as the Odendaal Commission). The only available record indicates that I 340 government farms had been allocated to farmers according to the Land Settlement Scheme between 1946 and 1960 and during the same period another 209 private farms had been purchased in terms of Article 11 of the Land Settlement Proclamation. Article 11 allowed farmers to buy private farms by depositing one-tenth of the purchase price, and the rest was contributed by the Administration, who assumed a mortgage over the farm for the remainder of the amount. NAN, Report: Director of Lands, ‘Wat vir Suidwes-Afrika Gedoen en Uitgegee Is deur die Republiek oor die Jare van sy Beheer’ (What was Done for South West Africa and Contributed by the Republic during its Period of Control’), 18 July 1961
- 1967 . Farm Directory, Swalurama, published by the SWA Agricultural Union (Windhoek
- 1989 . In the number of farms was estimated to be 6 337, but in a significant development the number of farmers appeared to have declined to 4 500, suggesting that the consolidation of farming units had proceeded apace. See M. Schneider, ‘Agriculture in Namibia’, in H. Lamping and U. Jäschke, eds, Aktuele Frage in Namibia Forschung, heft 56 (Frankfurt, 1991), 143
- Report of the Long-Term Agricultural Policy Commission, para. 196, p. 23
- Lau and Reiner, 100 Years of Agricultural Development, 54
- Fuller , B. 1992 . ‘Institutional Appropriation and Social Change among Agropastoralists in Central Namibia, 1916–1955’ (PhD thesis, Boston University, J. Silvester, ‘Black Pastoralists, White Farmers: The Dynamics of Land Dispossession and Labour Recruitment in Southern Namibia’ (PhD thesis, University of London, 1994);W. Werner, ‘A Brief History of Land Dispossession in Namibia’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 19, 1 (1993)
- For a detailed discussion of the deliberate way in which the SWA Administration proceeded to demarcate the boundaries between categories of ‘civilised’ and ‘primitive’, by inter alia utilising concepts such as ‘boundary’, ‘permanent’ settlement and ‘effective’ utilisation of the soil, see Hayes, Namibia under South African Rule, 19–22
- 1928 . 4 NAN, SWAA, Report of the Natives Reserves Commission
- NAN, U.G., Report of the Government of the Union of South Africa on South West Africa for the Year 1938, 51
- Ibid.
- 1953 . NAN, SWAA 491, A 50/238, vol. 1, minutes of meeting between Chief Native Commissioner and Nama Tribal Leaders, Mariental, 11 Sep.
- 1953 . NAN, SWAA 491, A 50/238, vol. 1, Letter from magistrate of Bethanie to Chief Native Commissioner, 4 Sep.
- 1953 . NAN, SWAA 491, A 50/238, vol. 1, minutes of meeting between Chief Native Commissioner and Nama Tribal Leaders, Mariental, 11 Sep.
- 1939 . Report of the Government of the Union (para. 358
- Fuller describes how people in the Otjimbingwe Reserve met with various bureaucratic and practical obstacles when approaching the Administration with requests for more land: see Fuller, ‘Institutional Appropriation and Social Change’
- Library , Rhodes House . Oxford, Lord Hailey, ‘A Survery of Native Affairs in South West Africa’, manuscript
- Archives , Rhodes House . 1946 . Oxford, 627, s.9/1947, Reply of the Government of the Union of South Africa to the Trusteeship Council Questionnaire on the Report to the United Nations on the Administration of South West Africa for the Year
- Rheinhallt-Jones , J. D. 1951 . The Adminstration of South West Africa: Welfare of the Indigenous Population South African Institute of Race Relations (Johannesburg, n.d. [apparently published in ])
- For an excellent analysis of conditions in Namibia in the inter-war years concerning the nature of the relationship between Africans and the state (as well as white setters), see Hayes, Namibia under South African Rule, 16–34
- Jan. 1989 . Jan. , For an overview of the development of conservationist thinking in South Africa, and the adoption of measures to combat soil erosion, see W. Beinart, introduction: The Politics of Colonial Conservation’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 2
- Lau and Reiner, 100 Years of Agricultural Development, 46–51
- Mubita , O. , Moorsom , R. , Franz , J. and Mupotola , M. 1995 . Coping with Aridity: Drought Impacts and Preparedness in Namibia 64 Windhoek
- Report of the Commission of Enquiry into South West African Affairs, 269
- Bester , F. V. ‘Drought and Rangeland Management’, in Moorsom, Coping with Aridity, 93
- Ibid.
- Verslag van die Departementele Komitee van Ondersoek na Knelpunte in die Boerdery en aanverwante Aangeleenthede in Outjo Distrik, 26
- Loubser , J. H. 1987 . ‘Landbou: Die Verlede as Fondament virdie Toekoms’ . Agricola , 4 : 5 – 6 .
- 1964 . The Farming Interests Fund, which could target funds for the ‘execution of plans for the promotion of veld, soil and water conservation and soil reclamation’, listed a number of items for which funds were paid out in. Of a total amount of R643 000, slightly less than R25 000 was spent on conservation-related projects (dams and eradication of bush), though the Administration obviously considered expenses on items such as fencing, boreholes, pipelines and machinery as such. See NAN, Report of the Farming Interests Fund for the Year 1965, pp. 4 and 5
- sep. 1996 . sep. , 406 For a comparison of the Native Land Husbandry Act in colonial Zimbabwe, the Tomlinson Report in South Africa and the Odendaal Report in Namibia, see D. Pankhurst, ‘Similar, but Different? Assessing the Reserve Economy Legacy of Namibia’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 22, 3
- For a discussion about government attempts to address soil erosion and how it affected Africans in South Africa, see Beinart, ‘Politics of Colonial Conservation'for a discussion of the betterment schemes, see C. de Wet, ‘Resettlement and Land Reform in South Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, 21, 1 (1994)
- Moorsom , R. ‘Introduction’, in Moorsom, Coping with Aridity, 13
- Seely , M. K. , Hines , C. and Marsh , A. C. ‘Effects of Human Activities on the Namibian Environment as a Factor in Drought Susceptibility’, in Moorsom, Coping with Aridity, 52
- 1960s . Verslag van die Departementele Komitee van Ondersoek na Knelpunte in die Boerdery en Aanverwante Aangeleenthede in Outjo Distrik, 4. The significant reduction in the number of fanning units from about 6 800 in the mid to about 5 000 at the time of independence, is another clear indication that the consolidation of farming units pleaded for in the late 1940s had to some extent been achieved forty years later, though not through official action
- Seely . ‘Effects of Human Activities’, 55
- 1933 . Report Presented by the Government of the Union of South Africa to the Council of the League of Nations and 1939
- These farms were added to existing holdings which were considered too small to be economically viable
- Section XI allowed for the purchase of private land: the farmer would pay one-tenth of the purchase price and the Administration would pay the rest (against a mortgage assumed over the farm)
- 1960s . More than 400 farms were alienated in the late to be added to the ‘homelands’ created as a result of the Odendaal Commission's recommendations
- 1992 . 13 ‘Current Land Tenure System in the Commercial Districts of Namibia, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development’ (Windhoek
- For source of this information, see Footnote 82 above. No valuation of holdings is listed in the document for the years 1936–1939
- Article 44 provided for advances for stock (maximum £750) and implements, stud stock and machinery for improvement of holding (maximum £250). Article 46 provided for the costs of boreholes and fences to be added to the purchase price of the farm
- 1968 . The information supplied from here on is dervied from Rhodes House Library, Oxford, SWA Administration, White Paper on the activities of the different branches for. No other or additional sources have yet been located by the author to facilitate corroboration of these statistics
- 1952 . The Fund was established in terms of the Ordinance on the Promotion of Farmers' Interests in, to give effect to the recommendations of the Long-Term Agricultural Policy Commission in 1948
- The rehabilitation and relief loans were granted during the period of drought and foot-and-mouth disease (1959-1962)
- Dreschler , H. 1980 . Let Us Die Fighting 97 London
- Weigend . 1962/63 . Deutsche Siedlungstrukturen in Namibia 15. The Odendaal Report of gives the same figure for 1920 (19 714)
- 1919 . Report of the Administrator of SWA for the Year
- Weigend, Deutsche Siedlungstrukturen in Namibia, 15
- Fraenkel , P. 1974 . The Namibians of SWA , Minority Rights Group Report, no. 19 London
- 1936 . Figures for and 1946 derived from official censuses
- Report of the Long-Term Agricultural Policy Commission, 27
- 1962/63 . Report of the Commission of Enquiry into SWA Affairs 38 (Odendaal Report
- Weigend . Deutsche Siedlungstrukturen in Namibia 17
- Report of the Commission of Enquiry into SWA Affairs, 40
- This includes contributions of agricultural and mining sectors.
- NAN, JZ 0039, P.W. Hartmann, ‘A Statistical Presentation of the National Accounts of South West Africaamibia for the Period 1920–1987’, Statistical Review (Department of Finance, Windhoek), 20, 23.
South African Historical Journal
Volume 42, 2000 - Issue 1