- Marks , S. 1986 . The Ambiguities of Dependence: Class, Nationalism and the State in Twentieth-Century Natal Baltimore and London (T. Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange Family and African Politics in Zimbabwe 1920–1964 (London, 1995);A.G. Cobley, Class Consciousness: The Black Petty Bourgeoisie in South Africa 1924–1950 (New York, 1990);A. Odendaal, Vukani Bantu: The Beginnings of Black Protest Politics in South Africa to 1912 (Cape Town, 1984)
- de Kock , L. 1996 . Civilising Barbarians: Missionary Narrative and African Textual Response in Nineteenth-Century South Africa Johannesburg
- Gaitskell , D. , Engels , D. and Marks , S. 1910 . Contesting Colonial Hegemony: State and Society in Africa and India London (1994;D. Gaitskell, ‘Race, Gender and Imperialism: A Century of Black Girls’ Education in South Africa’, in J. Mangan, ed., Benefits Bestowed? Education and British Imperialism (Manchester, 1988);M. Labode,' “From Heathen Kraal to Christian Home”: Anglican Mission Education and African Christian Girls 1850–900’, in F. Bowie, D. Kirkwood and S. Ardener, eds, Women and Missions: Past and Present (Providence and Oxford, 1993);J. Cock, ‘Domestic Service and Education for Domesticity: The Incorporation of Xhosa Women into Colonial Society’, in C. Walker, ed., Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town, 1990);H. Hughes, ‘“A Lighthouse for African Womanhood”: Inanda Institution, 1869–1945’ in Walker, Womenand Gender.
- Brock , S. M. 1974 . ‘James Stewart and Lovedale: A Reappraisal of Missionary Attitudes and African Responses in the Eastern Cape, South Africa’ (PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, De Kock, Civilising Barbarians, 71–6
- Cory Library for Historical Studies . 1824 . Grahamstown, Ms9037, 1 Jan. Hereafter all Ms references are to this archive
- 1824 . Ms9037, see throughout
- 1825 . Ms9037, 4 Aug.
- 1826 . Ms9037, 9 Mar.
- 1839 . Summer Quarterly 9 (This was an ideal common all Protestant evangelical missions of the nineteenth century: J. Ajayi, Christian Missions in Nigeria 1841–1941: The Making of a New Elite (London, 1965), 131;T.O. Beidelman, Colonial Evangelism (Bloomington, 1982), 112
- 1838/9 . 6 Ibid. The desert metaphor was popular: see also Winter Quarterly
- Hunt Davis , R. 1855–1865 . Societies of Southern Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries , 5 : 2 See also, ‘: A Dividing Point in the Early Development of African Education in South Africa’, in Institute for Commonwealth Studies, Collected Seminar Papers, (1973–4
- 1839 . 9 – 10 . Summer Quarterly
- Withrington , D. J. 1988 . “ ‘Schooling, Literacy and Society’ ” . In People and Society in Scotland vol. 1: 1760–1830 Edited by: Devine , T. and Mitchison , R. Edinburgh in, eds, (H. Corr, ‘An Exploration into Scottish Education’, in W.H. Fraser and R.J. Morris, eds, People and Society in Scotland, vol. II: 1830–1914 (Edinburgh, 1990), 291, 303–4
- Young , R. 1902 . African Wastes Reclaimed 49 – 50 . London (See also R.H.W. Shepherd, Lovedale, South Africa (Lovedale, n.d.), 95–100
- Among others, see Labode, ‘Heathen Kraal’, 128–9;Gaitskell, ‘At Home with Hegemony’, 112;Hughes, ‘Inanda Institution’, 202;Cock, ‘Domestic Service’, 85
- It is quite possible that my periodisation is responsible for the fact that other mission societies were more committed to the provision of higher education for women (Deborah Gaitskell, personal communication): the studies detailed above mostly deal with the later period. However it is difficult to believe (and in the absence of studies of the earlier period for other societies) that any other society could have been as obdurately against the structural support of higher education
- 1838/9 . 11 – 13 . See Winter Quarterly (for all references
- Ibid., 12
- Gaitskell . ‘At Home with Hegemony’, 112;B. Carmody, Conversion and Jesuit Schooling in Zambia (Leiden, 1992), 41
- 1838 . Winter Quarterly, 13. The original is in Ms 16579, James Laing's Journal, 12 Oct.
- Editor, Summer Quarterly, 12
- India had a greater public prominence in Scotland than South Africa. Issues first raised in that mission field would subsequently transfer themselves to South Africa
- Maxwell , I. 2001 . “ ‘Civilisation or Christianity? The Scottish Debate on Mission Methods’ ” . In Christian Missions and the Enlightenment Edited by: Stanley , B. London and Grand Rapids in, ed., (forthcoming). See also N. Erlank, ‘“Civilising the African”: The Scottish Mission to the Xhosa, 1821–1864’ in ibid.
- Duff , A. Missionary Addresses Delivered Before the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 2009, 1837, 1839 (Edinburgh, 1850), 217–27
- Davidoff , L. and Hall , C. 1987 . Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780–1850 114 London (Nor was it restricted to the early nineteenth century. In 1865, in a report on the Ladies' Society, it was written that ‘Woman's office by nature is to rear and train our childhood’: Monthly Record, 1 Dec. 1865, p. 967
- Hall , Davidoff and . 1979 . Family Fortunes Edited by: Burman , S. 25 115. See ibid., 114–118 on middle-class evangelical doctrines on femininity. See also C. Hall, ‘The Early Formation of Victorian Domestic Ideology’, in, ed., Fit Work for Women (London
- Marshall , R. K. 1983 . Virgins and Viragos: A History of Women in Scotland from 1880–1980 London (209, 215–17. This was the same in England, although there this ideology appears to have been more relaxed: Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 298
- Corr and Corr , H. 1995 . History Workshop Journal , 40 : 151 – 64 . ‘Dominies and Domination: Schoolteachers, Masculinity and Women in 19th Century Scotland’
- Corr . ‘An Exploration’, 294–8, 303. Corr discusses how the parochial education system in Scotland ignored women, whom it considered second class citizens
- 1844 . See especially Ms9038, Minute on the Ordination of Elders, 3 July
- 1839 . 12 Editor, Summer Quarterly
- 1840 . Editor, Winter Quarterly (13;original emphasis
- Ibid.
- 1840 . Ms3134, John Ross to Rev & Dear Sir, 6 June
- I should note that much of my discussion on the attitude to female teachers is taken from the views of the men in the Ross missionary family. In this sense they may not have been entirely representative of the South African missionaries, but the elapse of 27 years before a female institution was added to Lovedale indicates some support for their views
- 1840 . Ms9038, 1 Jan. Caffrarian Messenger, Oct. 1838, p. 15;ibid., 6 May 1840, p. 15
- National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh . 1840 . NLS Deposit 298, no 60, Minute Book Glasgow Ladies Association, 19 May, 5 Jan. 1841, 6 July 1841, 2 Jan. 1843
- 1842 . Ms3136, John Ross to Revd. & Dear Sir, Oct.
- 1845 . Ms3139, John Ross to Revd. & Dear Sir, 10 Mar.
- 1844 . Ms9038, 3 Jan.
- 1848 . Ms3141, John Ross to Macfarlan, 9 Oct.
- 1849 . Ms9038, 3 Jan.
- 1848–9 . Ms3260, Journal, Ross recorded these events and his feelings in his journal. His account is probably accurate since, whatever else his failings, he was punctilious in his truthfulness
- 1848–9 . Ms3260, Journal, Ross had other reasons to dislike Miss Thompson, one being that he appears to have born the cost of her losses during the War of the Axe: Ms8099, John Ross to Bryce Ross, 6 Dec. 1847
- 1849 . Ms3112a, Ross's notes on Miss Thompson, 20 Apr. It does appear, though, that Miss Thomson was a difficult person and less than committed teacher. ‘She is a curious creature possessing a mind wh[ich] is [illegible] all strength without symmetry. She does little work’: Jagger Library, University of Cape Town, BC106/A2, James Stewart's Diary, 18 June 1863
- Corr . ‘Dominies and Domination’, 153
- Ibid., 161
- Ibid., 159
- 1847 . Ms9039, 6
- 1848 . Ms9039, Minute, 5 Jan.
- 1853 . Ms9039, 6 Apr., 19 Oct. 1853, 4 Jan. 1854, 26 Jan. 1854, 7 Mar. 1854
- 1853 . The Reads were LMS missionaries in the Kat River. Ms7628, Bryce Ross to John Ross, 11 Feb.
- 1854 . Missionaries received salaries of £100 per annum, while female teachers received £40 per annum: NLS Deposit 298, no 107, 17 Oct. and no 66, 19 Dec. 1848
- 1863 . FCS Annual Report and 1864;James Stewart, Monthly Record, May 1864, p. 508
- 1863 . NLS Deposit 298, no 60, 13 Jan.
- Robert , D. L. 1997 . American Women in Mission: A Social History of their Thought and Practice 39 – 80 . Georgia : Macon . The GMS was different to other societies in respect of the amount of teaching they expected from missionary wives. Elsewhere in South Africa and indeed the Protestant missionary world, missionary wives were very important as teachers:
- 1871 . 3 Obituary for Mrs Brownlee, Kaffir Express, 1, 7 (1 Apr.
- 1828 . Ms9037, 4 Dec.
- Peires , J. 1989 . The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856–7 45 – 77 . Johannesburg For a discussion of Grey and his policies, see (See also A.E. du Toit, The Cape Frontier: A Study of Native Policy with Special Reference to the Years 1847–1866 (Cape Town, 1954), 242, and Hunt Davis, ‘1855–1865: A Dividing Point’, 1–15. Davis is particularly important on Grey's plans, as is outlined by his title. For a contemporary and approbatory description of Grey's plans, see W. Govan, Memorials of the Missionary Career of the Rev. James Laing (Glasgow, 1875), 153–7
- Peires, The Dead Will Arise, 56–9
- De Kock, Civilising Barbarians, 71
- On industrial schools in Zambia and their promotion in that country, see Carmody, Conversion and Jesuit Schooling. There often seems to have been a split between colonial states and missions over the relative importance of industrial schooling
- 1855 . Ms7645, Bryce Ross to Mrs Margaret Ross, 14Feb. Home and Foreign (Sep. 1855), 80
- 1858 . Ms9039, 22 Mar. He requested this statement be included in the minutes. There is no doubt that he disapproved of female teachers
- 1862 . Ms9039, 2 July. It is clear from the preceding lack of discussion about a girls' school in the minutes that the subject only received attention after this external prompt
- 1864 . Ms9039, 6 July and 5 Oct. 1864
- 1864 . BC106/C85.3, William Govan to James Stewart, 9 Mar.
- 1864 . BC106/C85.4, William Govan to James Stewart, 12 Apr. ‘As to a Female Institution, the Dr attaches great importance to such an institution.’
- Stewart , James . Apr. 1864 . Monthly Record Apr. , 483
- Brock . 1983 . “ ‘James Stewart and Lovedale’, 31–5. For Waterston, see ” . In The Letters of Elizabeth Jane Waterston 1866–1905 Edited by: Bean , L. and van Heyningen , E. Cape Town eds
- Gaitskell . ‘At Home with Hegemony’, 117
- Ibid., 112
- Lovedale: A Register contains statistics about the occupations of the female students who had passed through Lovedale but they are rather dubious (p. 534)
- See footnote 3
- Gaitskell . ‘AtHomewithHegemony’, 123;see also Young, African Wastes Reclaimed, 133–41
- The women who considered these options would probably have fulfilled their intentions away from home, especially in places like Johannesburg and Kimberley
South African Historical Journal
Volume 43, 2000 - Issue 1