References
- 1946–1971 . The most important works on US-South African relations are: A. Lake, ‘Caution and Concern: The Making of American Policy toward South Africa’ (PhD thesis, Princeton University, 1974);H.P. Martin, ‘American Views on South Africa, 1948–1972’ (PhD thesis, Louisiana State University, 1974);W.A. Spooner, ‘United States Policy towards South Africa 1919–1941: Political and Economic Aspects’ (PhD thesis, St Johns University, New York, 1979);RE. Bissell, South Africa and the United States: The Emotion of an Influence Relationship (New York, 1982);T.J. Noer, Cold War and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa, 1948–1968 (Columbia, 1985);P.H. Kapp and G.C. Olivier, eds, United States/South African Relations: Past, Present and Future (Cape Town, 1987);T. Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993);K. Mokoena, ed., South Africa and the United States: The Declassified History (New York, 1993);P.J. Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy towards South Africa: Incrementalism. Crisis and Change (Cambridge, 1994);R.K. Massie, Loosing the Bonds: The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years (New York, 1997)
- Spooner . 1990 . United States Policy toward South Africa chapters 2–6: R.W. Hull, American Enterprise in South Africa: Historical Dimensions of Engagement and Disengagement (New York, 9, 15, 19–39, 63–80, 165–7;J.T. Campbell, ‘The Americanization of South Africa’, in R. Wagnleitner and E.T. May, eds, Here. There and Everywhere: The Foreign Polities of American Popular Culture (Hanover, New England, 2000), 34–63;J.B. Wolf, ‘A Grand Tour: South Africa and American Tourists between the Wars’, Journal of Popular Culture, 25 (1991), 99–114;D. Geldenhuys, The Diplomacy of Isolation: South African Foreign Policy Making (Johannesburg, 1984), 4–5;Kapp and Olivier, United States/South Africa Relations, 21
- See footnote 1
- Olivier , Kapp and . United States/South African Relations 2–9
- Greenberg , S. B. 1980 . Race and State in Capitalist Development: South Africa in Comparative Perspective Johannesburg Comparative studies on race relations and racial policies include the following: (H. Lamar and L. Thompson, The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981);G.M. Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study on American and South African History (New York, 1981);Black Liberation: A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and South Africa (New York, 1995);J.W. Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (Cambridge, 1982)
- Fredrickson . Black Liberation 237–8;Kapp and Olivier, United States/South African Relations, 9–14
- Olivier , Kapp and . United States/South African Relations 43–50
- Harry S. Truman Library . 1949 . (hereafter Truman Library), Papers of Harry S. Truman, President's Secretary's Files, Central Intelligence Agency, The Political Situation in the Union of South Africa, ORE 1–49, 31 Jan., p. 1
- Ibid., 1 and 13
- Lynch , H. R. Black American Radicals and the Liberation of Africa: The Council on African Affairs 1937–1955 , Monograph Series no 5 (Africana Studies and Research Center, Cornell University, 1978), 18–49
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 55–6, 64–6
- Department of External Affairs . 1947 . (hereafter DEA), BTS, 1/33/13, vol. 1, H.T. Andrews to Secretary for External Affairs, 27 June;Ibid., W.D. van Schalkwyk to Secretary for External Affairs, 15 Dec 1948;‘Memorandum on racial discrimination in the United States, 5 Feb. 1952 and 19 Mar. 1952;BTS, 1/33/13, vol. 8, ‘Memorandum on race relations in the United States’, 18 Apr. 1952; G. Jooste, Diensherinneringe (Johannesburg, 1977), 160
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 128–9
- Hale , G. E. 1999 . Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940 New York A perceptive study which analyses white supremacy in the Southern states is
- 1948 . DEA, BTS, 72/1/1, vol.7, ‘Personnel of United States Government Offices in the Union of South Africa, March 8,’, 1–7;S 4/5/16 (7), Washington, Record of service of the Embassy of South Africa
- Ibid., ‘Biographical entry from the Register of the Department of State relating to North Winship’ vol. 8, ‘Biographical data—John George Erhardt’ vol. 9, ‘Biographic data’ (W.J. Gallman);Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 51, 95, 169
- Sydney , B . 2002 . Redecker had spent some years in Indonesia and Brazil, Bernard C. Connelly in Karachi and Kabul, Marselis C. Parsons in Indonesia, and Morris Dembo a stint in Bombay. Dembo, a Columbia University graduate, was only 31 when he arrived in Pretoria. Biographical information from the Department of State, Washington, 15 May;Who was Who in America, with World Notables 7 (Marquis, 1981)
- 2002 . Biographical information from the Department of State, Washington, 15 May
- DEA, BTS, 72/1/1, vol 8, ‘Biographical sketch of Joseph H. Sweeney’ Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 130
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 70–2
- Confidential U.S. State Department, Central Files, South Africa . 1945–1949 . Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs, (hereafter USSD, CF), C.E. Dickerson to Department of State, 4 Nov. 1947
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 37, 73, 86–7;Noer, Cold War and Black Lliberation, 19–20
- 1945–1949 . USSD, CF, Robert G. McGregor to Department of State, 29 May 1948
- 1948 . Ibid, North Winship to Department of State, 13 Sep. and 5 Oct.
- 1948 . Ibid, 28 Oct.
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 120, 130
- 1950–1954 . USSD, CF, Bernard C. Connelly to Department of State, 8 June 1950;Morris Dembo to Department of State, 30 Sep. 1952
- 1951 . Ibid., Joseph Sweeney to Department of State, 29 Aug.
- 1953 . Ibid, Henri E. La Tendresse to Department of State, 21 Apr.
- 1951 . Ibid., Sweeney to Department of State, 2 May
- 1950 . Ibid., Sweeney to Department of State, 27 Nov.;Marselis C. Parsons to Department of State, 30 June 1953
- Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 146–7, 159
- Ibid., 120, 151, 169
- 1950–1954 . USSD, CF, Dembo to Department of State, 18 Apr. 1951
- 1951 . For example, ibid., Sweeney to Department of State, 17 Apr. and 4 Feb. 1952
- 1950 . Ibid., Sweeney to Department of State, 8 June;Truman Library, Papers of Joseph Sweeney, South Africa: 1950–52 (Sweeney memoir hereafter), p. 3
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 151
- 1945–1949 . USSD, CF, McGregor to Department of State, 13 Dec. 1948;Sweeney to Department of State, 8 June 1950 and 28 Nov. 1951
- Fredrickson . Black Liberation 265–7, 281–2
- 1950–1954 . USSD, CF, Dembo to Department of State, 15 Jan. 1951;Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 118
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 152
- Fredrickson . Black Liberation, 216–7, 220 USSD, CF, 1950–1954, Sweeney to Department of State, 8 June 1950
- USSD, CF, 1945–1949, Winship to Department of State, 23 Nov. 1948;Truman Library, Central Intelligence Agency. The Political Situation in the Union of South Africa (31 Jan. 1949), p. 13
- 1945–1949 . USSD, CF, Winship to Department of State, 20 Oct. 1949;Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 151–2
- William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand . SAIRR, B5.14
- Truman Library . Sweeney memoir, pp. 18 and 34
- 1945–1949 . USSD, CF, Holcomb to Department of State, 27 July 1946
- 1953 . Ibid, Wm. M. Johnson to Department of State, 3 Aug.
- Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) . 1948 . 526 Washington vol. v, Part 1 (1975
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 118 USSD, CF, 1945–1949, Winship to Department of State, 28 Feb. 1949
- Truman Library, General Historical Documents Collection . 1971 . W.J. Gallman, ‘Some Thoughts on Foreign Affairs’ [], pp 82–83
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 171, 174
- 1950–1954 . USSD, CF, Sweeney to Department of State, 8 June 1950 and 23 May 1951
- 1952 . Ibid., Sweeney to Department of State, 4 Feb.
- 1951 . Ibid., 9 Nov.;Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 169
- Truman Library, Sweeney memoir, p. 37
- Ibid., p. 43
- 1950–1954 . USSD, CF, LaTendresse to Department of State, 27 Feb. 1951
- 1952 . Ibid., 8 July
- 1952 . Ibid., Gallman to Department of State, 10 Apr.
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 176
- Truman Library, Gallman, ‘Some thoughts on foreign affairs’, pp. 77–78
- Ibid., Sweeney memoir, p. 17
- 1950–1954 . Ibid., Also USSD, CF, Sweeney to Department of State, 22,26 and 28 Nov. 1950, 6 Dec. 1950,25 Sep. 1951, 5 Nov. 1951
- Truman Library . Sweeney memoir, pp. 20–21;USSD, CF, 1950–1954, Connelly to Department of State, 21 Mar. 1950
- Truman Library . Sweeney memoir, pp. 1–3, 4, 11–12, 30–32. Malga eventually did pay a visit to the US and according to Sweeney enjoyed the experience. It is doubtful, however, whether, Malga was converted to US values in any respect
- 1950–1954 . USSD, CF, Connelly to Department of State, 21 Mar. 1950
- 1950 . Ibid., Connelly to Department of State, 12 May
- 1952 . Ibid., LaTendresse to Department of State, 29 July
- 1952 . Ibid., David A. Robertson to Department of State, 25 July
- 1950 . Ibid., Sweeney to Department of State, 5 Sep.
- 1950 . Ibid., Connelly to Department of State, 5 Jan.
- 1953 . Ibid., Dembo to Department of State, 15 Jan.
- O'Meara , D. 1996 . Forty Lost Years: The Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party 1948–1994 Randburg (103, 106–7
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 191
- Truman Library . Sweeney memoir, p. 4
- Ibid., pp. 23–24
- 1949 . DEA, BTS, 9/103/2, vol. 2, Statement by F.C. Erasmus, 18 Aug.;Press statement, Department of External Affairs, 10 Nov. 1951;Noer, Cold War and Black Liberation, 28–30;Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 164–5
- Noer . Cold War and Black Liberation 26–7;30–1
- 1949 . DEA, BTS, 1/33/7/5c, vol. 1, D.R. Masson to T.H. Eustace, 10 May;Ibid., BTS, 1/33/7/5c, vol. 2, G.P. Jooste to Secretary for External Affairs, 20 Feb. 1950;Hull, American Enterprise in South Africa, 220; Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 97
- 1949 . DEA, BTS, 1/33/3 (OS), vol. 7, H.T. Andrews to Secretary for External Affairs, 12 Jan. The same Andrews, who worked for the South African Foundation in the late 1960s, tried to persuade Acheson in 1967 to visit South Africa and Acheson indicated that he would like to visit the country. See J.T. McNay Jr., ‘Imperial Paradigm: Dean G. Acheson and American Foreign Policy’ (PhD thesis, Temple University, 1997), 382
- McNay . ‘Imperial Paradigm’, 118, 125, 196
- McNay . ‘Imperial paradigm’, 2–6, 10, 26, 31–42, 51, 60–2, 210; D. Brinkley, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years 1953–71 (New Haven, 1992), 303–328;Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle, 39–41
- Krenn , M. L. 1999 . Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department 1945–1969 Armonk, NY (18, 26–31, 37–9, 45–6, 63,81, 133–4, 163–4
- 1950 . DEA, BTS, 1/33/7/5c, vol. 2, A. van Lille to Secretary for External Affairs, 10 Mar.;D.D. Forsyth to Jooste, 31 Mar. 1950
- 1953 . DEA, BTS, 22/1/3, vol. 2, Jooste to D. Spies, 12 May (translated from Afrikaans)
- 1952–54 . FRUS Vol. 11 , 983 – 5 . Ambassador Gallman, despite his warnings of increasing racial tensions in South Africa consistently advised good relations with South Africa.-Less than a month after Acheson had evacuated his position as Secretary of State, Gallman confirmed his view to the State Department that full democracy was not the answer to South Africa's problems. Enfranchisement of all blacks, he argued, would see a collapse of the political stability in the country, with communists the possible beneficiaries., vol., Gallman to Department of State, 24 Feb. 1953. See also G. McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York, 1983), 143–154 and BTS, 1/33/7/5c, vol.2, ‘Memorandum’ by G. P. Jooste, 12 Apr. 1950
- Borstelmann . Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle 192
- US relations with South Africa following the period of focus of this article are dealt with in various exhaustive studies, including Massie, Loosing the Bonds, chapters 2–15;Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy toward Africa, especially 193–246 and Kapp and Olivier, United States/South African Relations, particularly chapters 2–8