- 1930 . The Flashlight (WEAU quarterly), Apr. It appeared between January 1922 and July 1930, but the former Fawcett Library (now the Women's Library), London, held only the last two issues, as well as a few issues of its predecessor, Woman's Outlook, which was published between 1912 and 1921. Translation by author
- 1911–30 . My initial attempt to explore this contrast came in a short unpublished paper, ‘From Divided to Dawdling Dominion: Contradictions of the Imperial Tie for Some Women Suffragists in South Africa,’ (Conference on ‘South Africa 1895–1921: Test of Empire’, Oxford University, 1996)
- Walker , C. and Walker , C. , eds. 1990 . Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 Cape Town and London The work to which we are all indebted was originally an astonishingly mature BA (Hons) dissertation. See, ed., (based on C. Walker, The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa, Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, Communications No. 2 (Cape Town, 1979). 1 cite the book chapter as more accessible to international readers
- Hancock , K. 1968 . Smuts.The Fields of Force, 1919–1950 Cambridge (261, quoting Tatz
- Scully , P. 1895–1930 . Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race Edited by: Fletcher , I. , Mayhall , L. and Levine , P. London and New York ‘White Maternity and Black Infancy: The Rhetoric of Race in the South African Women's Suffrage Movement, in, eds, (2000, 74, 69. She omits from her calculations, however, the pivotal importance of the 1932 economic crisis and the consequent formation of the coalition/fusion government—giving white women the vote still didn't deliver to Hertzog the party political adherence he needed. Otherwise, her summary of the suffrage struggle, ibid., 70–75, is clear and useful
- Scully . ‘White Maternity and Black Infancy’, 68
- Bradford , H. 1899–1902 . Gendered Nations: Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century Edited by: Blom , I. , Hagemann , K. and Hall , C. 207 Oxford and New York ‘Regendering Afrikanerdom: The Anglo-Boer War’, in, eds, (2000
- du Toit , M. 1904–1929 . Volksmoeders Edited by: Woodward , W. , Hayes , P. and Minkley , G. See especially, ‘The Domesticity of Afrikaner Nationalism: and the ACVV,’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 29, 1 (2003), drawing on M. du Toit, ‘Women, Welfare and the Nurturing of Afrikaner Nationalism: A Social History of the Afrikaanse Christelike Vroue Vereniging, c. 1870–1939’ (PhD, University of Cape Town, 1996). She has also published ‘“Dangerous Motherhood”: Maternity Care and the Gendered Construction of Afrikaner Identity, 1904–1939’, in V. Fildes, L. Marks and H. Marland, eds, Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870–1945 (London and New York, 1992) and ‘“Moedermeesteres”: Dutch-Afrikaans Women's Entry into the Public Sphere in the Cape Colony, 1860–1896’, in, eds. Deep Histories: Gender and Colonialism in Southern Africa (Amsterdam, 2000)
- Kruger , L-M. , ed. 1919–1931 . Gender, Community and Identity: Women and Afrikaner Nationalism in the Discourse of Die Boerevrou (MA dissertation, University of Cape Town, 1991)
- Vincent , L. 1999 . ‘The Power behind the Scenes: The Afrikaner Nationalist Women's Parties, 1915–1931’ . South African Historical Journal , 40 (May, drawing on her ‘Mothers of Invention: Gender, Class and the Ideology of the Volksmoeder in the Making of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1918 to 1938 (DPhil thesis, Oxford University, 1997)
- Bush , J. , ed. 2000 . “ 10 ” . In Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power London and New York (especially chap.
- Quotes from ibid., 171–2, 188
- See ibid., 221, for brief biography of Lady Selborne;see also ibid., 191, note 54, commenting on Maud Selborne's ‘respected status within the marriage partnership evidenced throughout the couple's correspondence during Selborne's South African Governorship’, which ‘remains virtually unnoticed’ in D. Torrance, The Strange Death of the Liberal Empire (Liverpool, 1996). See also Bush, Edwardian Ladies, 181 and, for Lady Selborne's support for a limited suffrage which would exclude poorer working-class men and women alike, ibid., 186
- Fletcher , ed. Mayhall and Levine, Women's Suffrage in the British Empire, xiii-xv
- Scully , ed. ‘White Maternity and Black Infancy’, especially 75–80
- Dalziel , R. , ed. 1890 . ‘An Experiment in the Social Laboratory? Suffrage, National Identity and the Mythologies of Race in New Zealand in the s’, in Fletcher, Mayhall and Levine, Women's Suffrage in the British Empire. See especially ibid., 95–9, which highlights how very differently the intertwining of race and gender in the suffrage struggle there worked out as compared with South Africa. For leading male proponents of the female vote, (racial) ‘[amalgamation was the public policy;intermarriage was the private practice’ (p. 98). Maori women themselves were agitating for enfranchisement, and the 1893 amendment including them in the female suffrage was passed without the proposed division once ‘the voices of the friends of the Maori ladies rose in such a roar’ (quoted ibid)
- Woollacott , Angela , ed. 1906–30 . ‘Australian Women's Metropolitan Activism: From Suffrage, to Imperial Vanguard, to Commonwealth Feminism’, in Fletcher, Mayhall and Levine, Women's Suffrage in the British Empire. My major primary source on South African female suffragism has been the personal, organisational and parliamentary reports in Ius Suffragii. Monthly Organ of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, which I consulted in full at the Fawcett Library for the years. Isolated copies of the WEAU's Woman's Outlook (1913–14 and 1920–21) and Flashlight (1930), also housed there, proved invaluable too
- She sent a weekly letter to a Dutch paper, which would be interesting to track down, to find out the Afrikaner reaction to her message
- Oldfield , S. , ed. 1911 . Ius Suffragii (Journal of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance) [hereafter IS], Dec., 36. Eight years of this monthly periodical of the world-wide women's movement have now been reprinted, ed., International Woman Suffrage: Ius Suffragii 1913–1920, 4 vols. (London, 2002)
- Walker . 1916 . ‘The Women's Suffrage Movement’ 318
- IS, Feb., 68
- 1912 . IS, Apr., 68 and IS, May 1912, 85
- 1913 . IS, May, 94
- Bradford . ‘Regendering Afrikanerdom’, 207
- Ibid., 219–20
- Toit , Du . ‘Domesticity of Afrikaner Nationalism’, 161
- Quoted in ibid., 164
- Ibid., 166
- 1913 . IS, Dec., 41
- 1914 . IS, Mar., 79
- Woollacott . ‘Australian Women's Metropolitan Activism’, 209–10, 211, 214–5
- 1913 . The Woman's Outlook (hereafter WO), 1, 7, Apr., 2
- Ibid., A. The movement thought it had 40 out of 120 MPs in its support in the House of Assembly and 8 in the Senate at that stage (ibid., 18)—that issue of the journal even published pictures of eleven supportive MPs (ibid., 20)
- Bush . Edwardian Ladies 185
- Dalziel . ‘An Experiment in the Social Laboratory?’, 98
- 1913 . WO, 1, 7, Apr., 15. The complexity of suffragist race attitudes emerges elsewhere in this issue. While E. Cross Kerr in ‘Pride of Race’ (ibid., 11) condemned the sin of the white man for leading to the creation of mixed races and called for ‘we white women to train our sons’ to see the lack of race pride in ‘all its debasing and degrading relationships’, Mrs J. Brown, ‘Social Purity Work in South Africa’ (ibid., 10–11), reported the Cape Town public meeting in May 1912 which asked for a similar penalty for all sex offenders against women, and equal protection for coloured and ‘native’ women as for white. She stressed also the importance of there having been three women on the recent ‘Black Peril’ commission of enquiry into assaults on women—the first recognition of the need for men and women to work together on social reform
- 1914 . WO, May, 2–3
- Ibid., 4–5, 8
- 1914 . WO, June, 4
- 1914 . WO, Aug.
- 1914 . WO, Aug., 7
- 1915 . IS, Apr., 275
- 1916 . IS, Jan., 54
- 1916 . IS, Sep., 182
- Walker . 1915 . The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa 35–7, quoting from WO, Aug., 10, WO, Mar. 1915, 12, (TO, May 1915, 10–11, and WO, July 1915
- 1915 . IS, June, 299
- 1915 . IS, Dec., 41
- 1916 . IS, Mar., 84
- 1916 . IS, Jan., 54–5, and IS, June 1916, 134
- 1916 . IS, Oct., 9
- 1916 . IS, Sep., 178
- 1918 . IS, July, 157. For the impressive range of topics covered at the conference—including equal pay, motherhood endowment, prostitution, divorce, and even land rights and working conditions for colonised people in East and West Africa, see Woollacott, ‘Australian Women's Metropolitan Activism’, 213, and 216–7 for India and Plaatje
- 1917 . IS, Sep., 181, and IS, Oct. 1917, 10
- 1919 . IS, Feb., 65
- 1919 . IS, Mar., 79
- 1919 . IS, Apr., 93
- 1919 . IS, Sep., 176
- 1920 . IS, Feb., 76
- Woollacott . ‘Australian Women's Metropolitan Activism’, 207
- Sinha , M. , Guy , D. and Woollacott , A. , eds. 1920s–30s . Ibid. 216–7. For later BCL history, see A. Woollacott, ‘Inventing Commonwealth and Pan-Pacific Feminisms: Australian Women's Internationalist Activism in the, in, eds, Feminisms and Internationalism (Oxford, 1999)
- 1918 . IS, Sep., 190
- 1921 . Reprinted in IS, Sep., 190
- 1920 . WO, 8, 96, Sep., 4, 6. (The Farmers' Weekly apparently reported Lady Steel as a well-known militant whose statement must have sent cold shudders down the spines of legislators.)
- Ibid., 8–12
- Ibid., 19–20
- 1920 . WO, Dec., 4, 12–13
- 1921 . WO, 10, 108, Nov, 10, 13, 15
- 1921 . WO, 10, 109, Dec., 4
- Lowry , D. 1997 . “White Woman's Country”: Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia . Journal of Southern African Studies , 23 ( 2 ) : 268 (See also his chap, in Fletcher, Women's Suffrage, 181–2
- 1922 . Rhodesia Herald, 24 Oct., as cited in Lowry, ‘“White Woman's Country”’, 268
- Toit , Du . ‘Domesticity of Afrikaner Nationalism’
- Ibid., 168, 171
- Quoted and translated in ibid., 175
- Vincent . ‘The Power behind the Scenes’, 57
- Ibid., 51, quoting a translated interview by F.H. van Heerden, University of the Free State, Institute for Contemporary History, Sound Archive, Cassette no. 5
- 55 – 1 . Ibid.
- Ibid., 62
- Ibid., 63–4
- 1923 . IS, Feb., 72
- 1929 . IS, Aug., 169
- 1930 . IS, Apr., 100
- Marshall , P. 2001 . ‘The Balfour Formula and the Evolution of the Commonwealth’ . The Round Table , 361 (544, drawing on L. Amery, My Political Life (London, 1953), vol. 2, 385
- Toit , Du . ‘Domesticity of Afrikaner Nationalism’, 175
- Woollacott . ‘Australian Women's Metropolitan Feminism’, 207–8, 219. She is persuasive in her stress (208) on the fluidity of the interaction between metropole and Dominions, and the need to see connections ‘as shaped, not by amorphous or idealistic internationalism, so much as by historically specific and evolving imperial relationships’
- Ibid., 28
- 1930 . The Flashlight, Victory Number, July, 50
South African Historical Journal
Volume 47, 2002 - Issue 1