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ARTICLES

Rock Art as Source and Resource: Research and Responsibility towards Education, Heritage and Tourism

Pages 193-206 | Published online: 14 Jan 2009

  • Hamilton , C. 1996 . South African Historical Journal , 35 Nov. For example, ‘The Future of the Past: New Trajectories’, (146–8;L. Waldman, ‘The Post: Who Owns it and What Should We Do about It?’, South African Historical Journal, 35 Nov. 1996), 149–54;L. Witz, G. Minkley and C. Rassool, ‘Who Speaks for “South African” Pasts?’ (Paper, Biennial Conference of the South African Historical Society, ‘Not Telling: Secrecy, Lies and History’, University of the Western Cape, 1999);T. Nuttall and J. Wright, ‘Probing the Predicaments of Academic History in Contemporary South Africa’, South African Historical Journal 42 (May 2000), 26–48;C. Rassool, ‘The Rise of Heritage and the Reconstruction of History in South Africa’, Kronos 26 (Aug. 2000), 1–21;A. Odendaal, ‘“Heritage” and the Arrival of Post-Colonial History in South Africa’ (Paper, United States African Studies Association Annual Conference, Washington, Dec. 2002)
  • Rassool . ‘The Rise of Heritage’, 2
  • Wright , J. and Mazel , A. D. 1987 . Bastions of Ideology: The Depiction of Precolonial History in the Museums of Natal and KwaZulu . Southern African Museums Association Bulletin (SAMAB) , 17 : 301 – 10 . , 7/8 (Sep./Dec.
  • 1983 . 37 – 49 . See, for example, A.B. Smith, ‘The Hotnot Syndrome: Myth-Making in South African School Textbooks’, Social Dynamics, 9,2 (A.D. Mazel and P.M. Stewart, ‘Meddling with the Mind: The Treatment of San Hunter-Gatherers and the Origins of South Africa's Black Population in Recent South African School Textbooks’, South African Archaeological Bulletin 42 (Dec. 1987), 166–70
  • Gjessing , G. 1963 . ‘Archaeology, Nationalism and Society’ . American Anthropological Association Memoir , 94 : 264
  • Parkington , J. E. and Smith , A. B. 1986 . ‘Guest Editorial’ . South African Archaeological Bulletin , 41 Dec. : 43
  • Jenkins , K. 1991 . Re-thinking History 49 – 50 . London
  • See also Odendaal, ‘“Heritage” and the Arrival of Post-Colonial History’
  • Witz . Minkley and Rassool, ‘Who Speaks for “South African” Pasts?’, 21;Rassool, ‘The Rise of Heritage’ Odendaal, ‘“Heritage” and the Arrival of Post-Colonial History’
  • 1995 . Arms-length museum governance by Councils representative of civil society (Arts and Culture Task Group: Heritage Policy Proposals 7.1, June;White Paper on Arts and Culture) would in part serve to safeguard museums against their again becoming the ‘bastions of ideology’
  • For critiques relating to precolonial history, see, for example, Smith, ‘The Hotnot Syndrome’ Mazel and Stewart, ‘Meddling with the Mind’ and A.D. Mazel, ‘Changing Fortunes;150 Years of San Hunter-Gatherer History in the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa’, Antiquity 66 (Sep. 1992), 758–67
  • Rassool . ‘The Rise of Heritage’, 5–10
  • Humphreys , B. and Prah , K. K. , eds. 1999 . Knowledge in Black and While: The Impact of Apartheid on the Production and Reproduction of Knowledge 68 Cape Town See, for example, remarks by A.J., ed., (See also J.D. Lewis-Williams, ‘South African Archaeology in the 1990s’, South African Archaeological Bulletin 48 (June 1993), 50
  • Research, together with conservation and outreach, is one of the three fundamental objectives of museums. Where a dynamic research programme is lacking, outreach by way of displays, education and other public programmes stagnate
  • Legassick , M. and Rassool , C. 2000 . Skeletons in the Cupboard: South African Museums and the Trade in Human Remains 1907–1917 Cape Town and Kimberley Papers arising from this programme included Witz, Minkley and Rassool, ‘Who Speaks for “South African” Pasts?’, and a study that was subsequently published jointly by the South African Museum and the McGregor Museum: (Seminars were held at the McGregor Museum and the University of the Western Cape during 1999, while a community workshop on human remains in the museum was held in September 2001
  • Witz , Minkley and Rassool . ‘Who Speaks for “South African” Pasts?’ 13
  • Du Toit , M. 2000 . South African Historical Journal , 42 : 89 – 120 . Note the remarks made by, ‘Telling Lies: The Politics of Language in Oral Historiography’, (May
  • 2000 . Not addressed in this paper is the development (following completion of the Ancestors Gallery) of the Canteen Kopje site display and new Barkly West Museum, which was a community-based public archaeology project initiated by the McGregor Museum and opened in September (See T. Turkington, ‘Realising a Dream: Canteen Kopje and the new Barkly West Museum’, The Digging Stick 17, 3 [Nov. 2000], 1–3). Attention was then scheduled to be focused on the engraving site at Wildebeest Kuil. Discussions were held with the Xun and Khwe Communal Property Association in July 2000, at Schmidtsdrift, where approval was given for the museum to begin fund-raising for the development of the site. The funding from the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism materialised a few months later. On the consequent development of Wildebeest Kuil, see G. Laue, T. Turkington and B. Smith, ‘Presenting South African Rock Art to the World: Two Major New Rock Art Site Developments for 2002’, The Digging Stick, 18, 3 (Dec. 2001), 5–7;B. Smith, ‘Recognising, Protecting and Promoting Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development’ (Paper, NRF Workshop ‘Writings on the Wall: ke e: \xarra \\ke’, Wildebeest Kuil, 2002)
  • 1980 . The other sites were Driekopseiland (see below) and Nooitgedacht. A site display at Nooitgedacht—due to have been replaced—was erected by the McGregor Museum in the mid s: see D. Morris, ‘Archaeology for Tomorrow: The Site Museum as Classroom at Nooitgedacht’, Southern African Museums Association Bulletin (SAMAE), 18, 8 (Aug. 1989), 291–4;B. Smith, ‘Recognising, Protecting and Promoting Indigenous Knowledge’
  • Smith , B. ‘Recognising, Protecting and Promoting Indigenous Knowledge’
  • 1996 . The experience was conceived jointly by Geoff Blundell, drawing on his concept of a metaphoric pilgrimage—see G. Blundell, ‘The Politics of Public Rock Art: A Comparative Critique of Rock Art Sites Open to the Public in South Africa and the United States of America’ (MA thesis, University of the Witwatersrand,—and by David Morris, who had negotiated ideas for incorporating the multiple histories of the site at the July 2000 meeting at Schmidtsdrift. Final display and audio texts, based on drafts by Blundell, were written by Morris. The film, which includes interviews with, inter alia, David Lewis-Williams, Janette Deacon, John Wright and Tony Traill, was created by Berry Productions with guidance from Steering Committee members from Kimberley and the University of the Witwatersrand, chaired by Dr Ben Smith
  • Morris , D. 2002 . ‘Driekopseiland and “The Rain's Magic Power”: History and Landscape in a New Interpretation of a Northern Cape Rock Engraving Site' (MA thesis, University of the Western Cape
  • Ingold , T. 1993 . The Temporality of the Landscape . World Archaeology , 25 ( 2 ) Oct. : 152 – 74 .
  • Morris . ‘Driekopseiland and “The Rain's Magic Power”’
  • Ingold . ‘The Temporality of the Landscape’
  • Ibid., 155
  • 1997 . 161 – 72 . For a critique of this idealist notion, since people and the environments they inhabit have co-evolved, see K.W. Butzer and E.K. Butzer, ‘The “Natural” Vegetation of the Mexican Bajio: Archival Documentation of a Sixteenth Century Savanna Environment’, Quaternary International, 43/44
  • Avery , D. M. 1992 . Man and/or Climate? Environmental Degradation and Micromammalian Community Structure in South Africa during the Last Millennium . South African Journal of Science , 88 : 483 – 90 . , 9/10 (Sep./Oct.
  • Morris . ‘Driekopseiland and “The Rain's Magic Power”’
  • Ingold . ‘The Temporality of the Landscape’, 172
  • Kuper , A. 1980 . Symbolic Dimensions of the Southern Bantu Homestead . Africa , 50 ( 1 ) : 8 – 23 .
  • Hall , M. 2000 . Archaeology and the Modern World: Colonial Transcripts in South Africa and the Chesapeake London (B. Bender, ‘Theorising Landscapes, and the Prehistoric Landscapes of Stonehenge’, Man (NS), 27, 4 (Dec. 1992), 735; J. Bruck, ‘Monuments, Power and Personhood in the British Neolithic’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 7, 4 (Dec. 2001), 651
  • Waldman , P. L. 2001 . 193 ‘The Griqua Conundrum: Political and Socio-Cultural Identity in the Northern Cape, South Africa’ (PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand
  • Thompson , E. P. 1978 . “ ‘The Poverty of Theory or An Orrery of Errors’ ” . In The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays 46 London
  • Hall . Archaeology and the Modern World 197
  • Biesele , M. 1993 . Women Like Meat: The Folklore and Foraging Ideology of the Kalahari Juhoan 202 Johannesburg
  • Ingold . ‘The Temporality of the Landscape’
  • Kros , C. 2000 . Telling Lies and Then Hoping to Forget All about History . South African Historical Journal , 42 : 69 – 88 . ‘, (May, Rassool, ‘The Rise of Heritage’
  • Robins , S. 2001 . ‘NGOs, “Bushmen” and Double Vision: The “Khomani San Land Claim and the Cultural Politics of Community” and “Development” in the Kalahari’ . Journal of Southern African Studies , 27 : 833 – 53 .
  • A point made by Hamilton, ‘The Future of the Past’, 148
  • D'Andrade and Aunger , R. 1999 . Current Anthropology , 40 Feb. ‘Against Idealism/Contra Consensus’, Supplement to (S94. See also footnote 46
  • Sharp , J. and Douglas , S. 1996 . “ ‘Prisoners of their Reputation? The Veterans of the “Bushman” Battalions in South Africa’ ” . In Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen Edited by: Skotnes , P. 323 – 9 . in, ed., (Cape Town
  • Stow , G. W. 1905 . The Native Races of South Africa (London;F.A. van Jaarsveld, New Illustrated History, Standard VI (Johannesburg, 1968), 123–4
  • An opinion voiced by at least one Xun commentator and a Kimberley-based person claiming Korana identity
  • Thelen , D. 2002 . South African Historical Journal , 47 Nov. : 162 – 70 . In reality, individual expression and agency are not readily accommodated by the conventional ‘culture’ labels and defining circumstances of Enlightenment discourse, as has been shown by, ‘How the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Challenges the Way We Use History’
  • Waldman . ‘The Past’, 154
  • In relation to which, clearly, there is a need to inculcate tolerance and some critical appreciation of evidence and the history of ideas
  • A servitude agreement setting aside the vicinity of the site and visitor centre for public access was reached with the CPA. This is now managed by the Northern Cape Rock Art Trust on which the CPA is represented
  • Smith , B. ‘Recognising, Protecting and Promoting Indigenous Knowledge’
  • Steinberg , J. 2002 . Midlands 258 Johannesburg
  • Leone , M. P. 1983 . Method as Message: Interpreting the Past with the Public . Museum News , 62 ( 1 ) Oct. : 34 – 41 .
  • Inglis . 1977 . (cited in Bender, ‘Theorising Landscapes’, 736
  • Rassool . ‘The Rise of Heritage’, 21

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