- It is generally accepted that dogs were domesticated during the hunter-gatherer period in human history, about 12 000 years ago and were well established by the time agricultural villages began to form, 6 000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent. See F.E, Zeuner, A History of Domesticated Animals (London, 1963);J. Clutton-Brock, ed., The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation (London, 1989) and L. Corbett, The Dingo in Australia and Asia (Ithaca, 1995)
- 2002 . There are other locally developed types, like the variety bred by the South African Defence Force in the 1970s, which combined 60 per cent Bloodhound, 35 per cent Doberman and five per cent Rottweiler. This was the forerunner of the so-called Bloemanweiler, a Rottweiler-Bloodhound mix, which has pockets of enthusiasts throughout South Africa. J. Boulle, ‘SA Dogs: Our Local Heroes’, Farmer's Weekly, 22 Feb.
- ‘Kaffir dog’, an offensive term, is still used in some communities, and is often shortened to ‘KD’
- Schwartz , M. 1997 . A History of Dogs in the Early Americas 30 New Haven
- Woolf , V. 1983 . Flush: A Biography 9 Harmondsworth Quoted in (See H. Ritvo, The Animal Estate (Cambridge, 1987), 102 and K. Kete, The Beast in the Boudoir (Berkeley, 1994), 67, 70, 83–4
- Garber , M. 1996 . Dog Love 166 London Quoted in
- Penn , W. 1977 . Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims No. 85 (Norwood
- Firstly, they were re-named ‘Alsatian Wolf Dogs’, the ‘Wolf Dog’ was subsequently dropped as it was considered pejorative
- Ritvo, The Animal Estate.
- The idea of pedigree originally meant a line of ancestors, from the resemblance of a crane's foot (Anglo-Norman pie de grue) to the lines on a genealogical chart
- Like the red dapple in dachshunds
- A Parisian poodle, for example, clothed and crimped, dressed in the colours and materials of its owner, its own hairdresser and rigorous diet was a doppelgänger for its mistress
- Lush , J. L. 1948 . The Genetics of Populations Mimeo (see ‘From Jay L. Lush to Genomics: Visions for Animal Breeding and Genetics’, May 1999, Iowa State University
- For more on the development of dog breeds, see Zeuner, A History of Domesticated Animals, 93
- Abacar , A. , Chuntharpursat , A. , Foley , J. , Guzman , J. , Hlatswako , T. , Macfarlane , D. , Mdzinga , C. , Montsi , R. , Mwaura , J. , Ngcobo , T. , Nsanzya , K. and Ramjatan , A. 1999 . ‘Traditional Hunting with Dogs—A Contemporary Issue in KwaZulu-Natal’ (MA thesis, Centre for Environment and Development, University of Natal, Pietermartitzburg
- Swart , S. 2001 . ‘Limiting the Impact of Domestic Dogs on African Wild Dogs, Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe’ (MSc thesis, University of Oxford
- 2002 . South Africa's best loved dog, Jock of the Bushveld, was inadvertently shot, mistaken for a ‘kaffir dog’, which the loyal Jock had already killed defending the chicken run. Farmer's Weekly recently ran an article asking ‘What Did Jock Really Look Like?’, Farmer's Weekly, 22 Feb.
- So-called Nguni cattle have been recognised as a breed, but other animals—like ‘Zulu fowl’-have not
- Blench , R. M. and MacDonald , K. C. 2000 . The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology. Genetics. Linguistics and Ethnography London
- Hall has hypothesised that early waves of western stream settlers introduced small spitz-type dogs—similar to the extant equatorial Basenji—and perhaps later Bantu-speakers brought the slender gazoid pariah/hound type typical of northern African regions
- Raven-Hart , R. 1967 . Before Van Riebeeck—Callers at South Africa from 1488 to 1652 17 – 18 . Cape Town
- Boonzaier , E. C. , Malherbe , C. , Berens , P. and Smith , A. 1996 . Cape Herders: A History of the Khoikhoi of Southern Africa 54 Cape Town
- Hall , S. ‘Indigenous Domesticated Dogs of Southern Africa: An Introduction’, in Blenc and MacDonald, Origins and Development of African Livestock, 304
- Burchell . 1811, quoted in Hall, ‘Indigenous Domesticated Dogs’, 304
- Soga , H. 1905 . The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs London (and A.T. Bryant, The Zulu People as They Were before the White Man Came (Pietermaritzburg, 1967). The Xhosa-speakers had four types: iTwina (which Soga wrote had largely disappeared), iBaku, Inqeqe and the iNgesi (the English greyhound). The Zulu-speakers owned the iSiqha (iSica), a hunting dog, and appear to distinguish between isimaku (smaller dog) and ubova (larger hunter). Malcolm Draper has suggested that the domestication of dogs by the San is particularly important as the only evidence of domestication/cultivation by a hunting and gathering culture: M. Draper, personal communication
- Makgoba , W. , ed. 1999 . African Renaissance: The New Struggle Sandton See, for example, M., ed., (T. Mbeki, Africa: The Time Has Come (Cape Town, 1998) and M.M. Mulemfo, Thabo Mbeki and the African Renaissance: The Emergence of a New African Leadership (Pretoria, 2000)
- Hall suggests that Africanis types might have high resistance to African tropical diseases and have lower protein requirements. Research into other domestic animals indigenous to an area has shown cases of locale-specific traits, like N'dama cattle from West Africa which have developed a resistance to trypanosomiasis. As yet there are no studies of disease or parasite resistance specific to the ‘Africanis’
- Gallant , Johan . personal communication
- http://www.sa-breeders.co.za/org/africanis/
- The dogs may still have a practical use;it has been suggested that puppies may be reared with ewes to discourage jackal and lynx: K.A. Ramsay, D.S. Reed, A.J. Bothma, J.M. Lepen, ‘Profitable and Environmentally Effective Farming with Early Domesticated Livestock in Southern Africa’ (Conservation of Early Domesticated Animals of Southern Africa, Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum, 1994)
- http://www.sa-breeders.co.za/org/africanis/
- Gallant , J. 2002 . Story of an African Dog Pietermaritzburg See
- Lee , C. G. , Lee , J. I. , Lee , C. Y. and Sun , S. S. 2000 . A Review of the Jindo, Korean Native Dog . Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences , 13 ( 3 ) : 381 – 9 .
- Swart , S. ‘Limiting the Impact of Domestic Dogs on African Wild Dogs’
- Gallant , J. personal communication
- 2002 . Ibid. Boulle notes that a greyhound type, mainly in the Cape, is called ‘iBantsa’, Farmer's Weekly, 22 Feb.
- Casalis , E. 1861 . The Basutos, or, Twenty-Three Years in South Africa 176 London
- Raven-Hart . Before Van Riebeeck 20
- Smuts , G. L. 1982 . Lion Johannesburg
- Flamholtz , C. 1991 . A Celebration of Rare Breeds: Volume II Centreville
- Carolina dogs, promoted by Carolina Dog Club of America, are found in the swamps and woods of the Savannah River basin. Dubbed ‘old yeller’, they are dogs of a pariah type, and are argued to be a direct descendant of the ancient pariah dogs that accompanied Asians across the Bering Straits land bridge
- Large hybrid zones do exist—the phenotype of the endangered American red wolf, for example, may be strongly influenced by hybridisation with coyotes and grey wolves
- Recently, for example, after attacks on humans made headlines, several US counties passed laws banning pitbulls. But the question arose: ‘what exactly IS a pitbull?’, as there is no ‘genetic’ test for being a pitbull
- Coppinger , R. personal communication
- Tabler , E. C. 1960 . Zambezia and Matabeleland in the Seventies: The Narrative of Frederick Hugh Barber (1875 and 1877–8) and The Journal of Richard Frewen (1877–8) 96 London (99
- Many people here in South Africa will mistakenly identify whole ranges of ‘big brown dogs’ as Boerboels;and Boerbul or Boerbull are common misnomers
- http://www.boerboelsa.co.za/hist.htm. Induna Boerboel
- http://www.boerboelsa.co.za/hist.htm
- The only other known dog which has the peculiarity of such a ridge is found on the island of Phu Quoc in the Gulf of Siam
- 1947 . Guide to Dogdom in South Africa Johannesburg ‘Dogman’
- Durham , B. W. 1950 . South African Kennel Gazette Dec.
- Only two dogs were registered with the SAKU in that year, followed by four in 1925, and no fewer than eleven in 1926
- Nov. 2001 . Nov. , 20 Animal Talk, 7, 11
- Garber . Dog Love 166
- Serpell , J. , ed. 1995 . The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People 2 Cambridge American Kennel Club 1992, quoted in, ed.
- Beck , A. 1973 . The Ecology of Stray Dogs Baltimore
- 1997 . According to the Mail and Guardian, the hounds first surfaced during the early 1980s in Farmers Weekly advertisements, paid for by the extreme right-wing Herstigte Nasionale Party. The advertisements flagged ‘racist watchdogs’ bred ‘especially for South African circumstances’: Mail and Guardian, 27 June. But it may be traced back to Johan de Jager of Utrecht (Kwa Zulu Natal) who started the breeding of the Boerboel in 1960
- 2000 . Die Afrikaner, 18 Aug.
- http://home.yebo.co.za/~mcewendp/; http://members.aol.com/seacaps/history.html; http://www.geocities.com/boer boelus/his tory.html
- http://www.boerboele.co.za/
- http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/boerboel.htm also notes that ‘the development of the Boerboel can rightfully be described as a true South African success story’
- http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/6554;http://www.african-boerboel.co.za/character.html;http://members.aol.com/seacaps/index.html
- http://www.swansea.demon.co.uk/anasha/history.htm
- http://www.geocities.com/heartland/bluffs/4720/Dieboel.html
- 1997 . Mail and Guardian, 27 June
- Gallant , J. personal communication
- Ibid
- http://indigo.ie/~dboyd; http://home.iprimus.com.au/milesy/new_page_2.htm; http://www.arrf.net/info.htm
- 2000 . There is currently a project underway in the Kruger National Park to test and train ridgebacks in assisting game wardens. Lion Dog Digest, Rhodesian Ridgeback International Federation, Nov.
- http://www.deerridgerr.com/Breed/History.htm; http://www.arrowridge.com/index.htm
- Nov. 2001 . Nov. , Animal Talk, 7, 11
- Ibid., 21
- Ibid., 23. One website (http://www-hsc.usc.edu/~jjmurphy/RRnames.html) offers a selection of ‘authentic’ ‘African’ names for puppies: Dagga;Dashiki;Kimb;Juba;Masa;Shaka;Tahari;Zulu
- 1953 . The musician Johnny Clegg was born in England in the, but grew up first in Zimbabwe and Zambia, and later in South Africa. A chance encounter with a Zulu street guitarist led him to Zulu culture. He became so caught up in the culture and its music that he was eventually made an adopted son of a Zulu chief
South African Historical Journal
Volume 48, 2003 - Issue 1